tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-66143981474651489272024-03-25T01:48:12.377-07:00ask Engineer Osaz'Welcome to Engr. Osaz's Blog For Construction and Real Estate in Nigeria. Thousands of Construction Enthusiasts, Professionals, Developers and Projects Owners like you are also viewing. Osaz' Enobakhare is renowned as Nigeria's First Construction Blogger. Engr. Osaz'http://www.blogger.com/profile/10244770501812834709noreply@blogger.comBlogger68125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6614398147465148927.post-46739276752965540682024-02-08T11:50:00.000-08:002024-02-08T11:50:49.667-08:00Latest (Current) Prices of Building Materials in Nigeria (2024) February 2024 - Engr. Osaz' Blog <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "ebrima"; font-size: 12pt;">Keeping you up-to-date, your first choice contractor and construction partner, </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><a href="mailto:engineerosaz@gmail.com"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "ebrima"; font-size: 12pt;">Engr. Osaz</span></b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "ebrima"; font-size: 12pt;">'</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "ebrima"; font-size: 12pt;"> brings you the current prices of nearly all building materials available in Nigerian markets.</span><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "ebrima"; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><span style="font-family: "ebrima"; text-align: center;">Prices are updated frequently. </span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">N.B: Prices listed here are very current. Although naturally prices vary from shop to shop, location to location and brand to brand. You will notice that we deliberately avoided the use of brand/trade names in our description, except for</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> a few items. The idea is not to give any brand a particular advantage over the other. Its ethics at work.</span></span></span></i><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></span></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #741b47; font-family: ebrima; font-size: large;"><b>1. PRICE OF CEMENT</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #741b47; font-family: ebrima; font-size: large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.supplyquick.app" rel="nofollow" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;" target="_blank"><img border="0" data-original-height="299" data-original-width="503" height="190" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxGk9OdgrR9cCUwR-irgi6STbZfi92sNjQZR_nZZDx0-7pQAec-yIX-ndrEuozdc3zmGuM4DynT38z0HMVDT_stpKWOS9fTXCWtKShdKR-ixEicgLXcLo-26ixrROTKEa0UMfYwtzEkhgct1TfrVyEBwkdV2xEO6GzOZ6wvZZ7LYi-gh4daNPVdOPj4CCS/s320/CEMENT.BANNER.PNG" width="320" /></a><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbIx5B28ksjsWGQo68Q0tTIEMLsXhzmGfzXdYMuVDzMDoXsg7edQOwQMT5gX5b_X5vOOIqjdVK8Jk0_kFaPSowqFX6eH-JVFErKfm3-ZTuQwFyR3xXxZR2QLlTYDdgUdxh5Mg0Y5ctP_C99cB2somlQFBBJHlq7rUfjsof9wqsI0-_S1ZQuoc34j_q1zgO/s641/1.BLOG.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="485" data-original-width="641" height="484" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbIx5B28ksjsWGQo68Q0tTIEMLsXhzmGfzXdYMuVDzMDoXsg7edQOwQMT5gX5b_X5vOOIqjdVK8Jk0_kFaPSowqFX6eH-JVFErKfm3-ZTuQwFyR3xXxZR2QLlTYDdgUdxh5Mg0Y5ctP_C99cB2somlQFBBJHlq7rUfjsof9wqsI0-_S1ZQuoc34j_q1zgO/w640-h484/1.BLOG.PNG" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpnt4JVUqiU__4O77slMGxQLS8hfuNFqHCRIe28NfvTrKY4ikT8qYGkYcmzknnVSrA8uX7Ytg6xLYvBMQmnZ523QCRYJAb_nOgruyxut1jZc6J_0uvMGPGWw1ce2ZSj9V-is7WiMOfjre130Sit_9DkiTZJ2Qgn8ix5XfhpxvVhHJu8NVYrhhiWHUN2T1p/s617/2.BLOG.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="478" data-original-width="617" height="496" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpnt4JVUqiU__4O77slMGxQLS8hfuNFqHCRIe28NfvTrKY4ikT8qYGkYcmzknnVSrA8uX7Ytg6xLYvBMQmnZ523QCRYJAb_nOgruyxut1jZc6J_0uvMGPGWw1ce2ZSj9V-is7WiMOfjre130Sit_9DkiTZJ2Qgn8ix5XfhpxvVhHJu8NVYrhhiWHUN2T1p/w640-h496/2.BLOG.PNG" width="640" /></a></div></div></div></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;"><b style="font-family: ebrima; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #741b47; font-size: large;">2. PRICE OF GRANITE</span></b></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjloqZwGZbETpxlaY5-1fuGTKTAD5Qo5zfIuYIyTl3cirq7XIbJVDPDNmuvPVXFvN9p5IM6T-dYmX9KmywktWdBIZYEJVU35H1S84ENQ4DmycRWJWfAo1Cv90LWWsnm2U-roiYoGMg4T0uM3FX4ct5p1d2XX4PJLlxvWKXvixSIi2elR4fC_D29MbqULnb/s500/granite.banner.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><img border="0" data-original-height="375" data-original-width="500" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjloqZwGZbETpxlaY5-1fuGTKTAD5Qo5zfIuYIyTl3cirq7XIbJVDPDNmuvPVXFvN9p5IM6T-dYmX9KmywktWdBIZYEJVU35H1S84ENQ4DmycRWJWfAo1Cv90LWWsnm2U-roiYoGMg4T0uM3FX4ct5p1d2XX4PJLlxvWKXvixSIi2elR4fC_D29MbqULnb/s320/granite.banner.jpg" width="320" /></a><div style="clear: left; display: inline; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYLn0c3ddEFPDQRJlxAdWNJEZf91-agY4ciFguA6wxujEhouF26gWYGd1T6x2C91IT222GkqkpwSp6B7PixCJ2iX96tamLnNTByysK0tco_IKoRGX4ygzqLeCdVqPzMlEWSRvf3QSccjF0wHAG9rl2X3gUcR4OkqnsrWwwVoQbbANO4LzZMCd6243KF-z4/s620/3.BLOG.PNG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="478" data-original-width="620" height="494" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYLn0c3ddEFPDQRJlxAdWNJEZf91-agY4ciFguA6wxujEhouF26gWYGd1T6x2C91IT222GkqkpwSp6B7PixCJ2iX96tamLnNTByysK0tco_IKoRGX4ygzqLeCdVqPzMlEWSRvf3QSccjF0wHAG9rl2X3gUcR4OkqnsrWwwVoQbbANO4LzZMCd6243KF-z4/w640-h494/3.BLOG.PNG" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFkaEO8Kg-xEOxKAwWKybehIF1qGQk6RYlQemMvsAr8N7YpL6Pc7_ONR2YF9B1fUecZaa00a8QQSfjS9ZYJX4KXpZensL2C3DrhHtqwkti0hOqypp9N6ubtlArFIQ9ewiQu5LQ7vElT-UBKiHarncRuxfIZlncOu5B5rm57m4diPNEud_kFwQiaiy8gAUC/s620/4.BLOG.PNG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="482" data-original-width="620" height="498" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFkaEO8Kg-xEOxKAwWKybehIF1qGQk6RYlQemMvsAr8N7YpL6Pc7_ONR2YF9B1fUecZaa00a8QQSfjS9ZYJX4KXpZensL2C3DrhHtqwkti0hOqypp9N6ubtlArFIQ9ewiQu5LQ7vElT-UBKiHarncRuxfIZlncOu5B5rm57m4diPNEud_kFwQiaiy8gAUC/w640-h498/4.BLOG.PNG" width="640" /></a></div></div></div></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvJoORoD7UAdh6tS-NSjnv51zOB3rwZFrpu3JCDVvKMeXODUKcvRTpRG6gYqsa0ZvnliS89TjmNnvFdLfSU4DrgznulhQPG-H9eH9PqVU2LYVYnMryw52YHpIIKr65mi6duVnaIHh6Hb_ytfA-zxRaL2ncBgkbnba8LQfpjj2riyDsIEEu4bkBVgzSQJUn/s275/sharp%20sand.jpg" style="clear: left; display: inline; font-family: ebrima; font-size: x-large; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><b style="color: #741b47;">3. PRICE OF SHARP SAND</b></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #741b47; font-family: ebrima; font-size: large;"><b><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvJoORoD7UAdh6tS-NSjnv51zOB3rwZFrpu3JCDVvKMeXODUKcvRTpRG6gYqsa0ZvnliS89TjmNnvFdLfSU4DrgznulhQPG-H9eH9PqVU2LYVYnMryw52YHpIIKr65mi6duVnaIHh6Hb_ytfA-zxRaL2ncBgkbnba8LQfpjj2riyDsIEEu4bkBVgzSQJUn/s275/sharp%20sand.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><img border="0" data-original-height="183" data-original-width="275" height="208" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvJoORoD7UAdh6tS-NSjnv51zOB3rwZFrpu3JCDVvKMeXODUKcvRTpRG6gYqsa0ZvnliS89TjmNnvFdLfSU4DrgznulhQPG-H9eH9PqVU2LYVYnMryw52YHpIIKr65mi6duVnaIHh6Hb_ytfA-zxRaL2ncBgkbnba8LQfpjj2riyDsIEEu4bkBVgzSQJUn/w275-h208/sharp%20sand.jpg" width="275" /></a></div></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVUpdFawczz8kJ9nmj1hFbWoY-wOY-ZRyTLyVrR2EpopxhFjrQ2lrD1wok63nMHLYJvphkSc6YiDuC8tr0Dp8QKsbaIoZvAloBOf3hfgit5NXfCBboJiG6L13hYfDjOVOG-N8rb7hMxRC8sOvkEBWZPyiSkLzeHNGWPDO6cU1C3nfK9FQ8UBgTDWdDE364/s613/5.BLOG.PNG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="482" data-original-width="613" height="504" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVUpdFawczz8kJ9nmj1hFbWoY-wOY-ZRyTLyVrR2EpopxhFjrQ2lrD1wok63nMHLYJvphkSc6YiDuC8tr0Dp8QKsbaIoZvAloBOf3hfgit5NXfCBboJiG6L13hYfDjOVOG-N8rb7hMxRC8sOvkEBWZPyiSkLzeHNGWPDO6cU1C3nfK9FQ8UBgTDWdDE364/w640-h504/5.BLOG.PNG" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div></div><div style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span><div style="font-family: Ebrima; font-size: 13.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><b style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><span style="color: #134f5c;"><b style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #741b47; font-size: large;">4. PRICE OF PLASTER SAND<br /></span></b></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><span style="color: #134f5c;"><span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Ebrima; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2Xlo3xnea9wAzfcEbVwKj4yjvGwlQrLnyp2c9-WZu8Q2fR6TSfcF9SPsYC6zVzpmRY2nysKEUvlMcwFaByhg7s65YYTSf0Yvnb4FUsgxYCQ0KoZK7OIGU9nRnIbmkF_VkR3OchV6_Gn4FaX7vzgvV5RlRbC7rtgciaCEbPx7e8h0GUSbQ22-rSMjmRGzK/s640/PLASTER%20SAND.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><img border="0" data-original-height="479" data-original-width="640" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2Xlo3xnea9wAzfcEbVwKj4yjvGwlQrLnyp2c9-WZu8Q2fR6TSfcF9SPsYC6zVzpmRY2nysKEUvlMcwFaByhg7s65YYTSf0Yvnb4FUsgxYCQ0KoZK7OIGU9nRnIbmkF_VkR3OchV6_Gn4FaX7vzgvV5RlRbC7rtgciaCEbPx7e8h0GUSbQ22-rSMjmRGzK/s320/PLASTER%20SAND.jpg" width="320" /></a></div></span></span></span></div><div style="font-family: Ebrima; font-size: 13.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Ebrima; font-size: 13.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Ebrima; font-size: 13.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Ebrima; font-size: 13.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Ebrima; font-size: 13.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Ebrima; font-size: 13.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Ebrima; font-size: 13.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Ebrima; font-size: 13.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Ebrima; font-size: 13.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Ebrima; font-size: 13.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Ebrima; font-size: 13.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgk6AcG8H-Aza_TL5KID5H65C3o0AjpKpTrLPm5XodUqMWbuo73dEWixyrjbna-ptrNUCClXJi7SE-KvAqFlZ_JvF5ogp3jyyTwoXf5Ea-OMfUDJU5Drv6IYRg3eO6gMk53gJhrdckE94v1ulk7DGaP3D5XQbraPBgtsTSlsOHMGG-8dlJ00msugPgGVULq/s562/7.BLOG.PNG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="437" data-original-width="562" height="498" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgk6AcG8H-Aza_TL5KID5H65C3o0AjpKpTrLPm5XodUqMWbuo73dEWixyrjbna-ptrNUCClXJi7SE-KvAqFlZ_JvF5ogp3jyyTwoXf5Ea-OMfUDJU5Drv6IYRg3eO6gMk53gJhrdckE94v1ulk7DGaP3D5XQbraPBgtsTSlsOHMGG-8dlJ00msugPgGVULq/w640-h498/7.BLOG.PNG" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div style="font-family: Ebrima; font-size: 13.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Ebrima; font-size: 13.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Ebrima; font-size: 13.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="color: #134f5c;"><span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-WHJnOQutx13NRdjdmWOraeIuZLcIbn-5axqxhTHPAUXCWv8h-Oqi6RKD3Vv-gWuea_08bYKG19CTPG-SOGj5GQvuqh0Ngn9kAJq18HQ6bs9GmKkmcJReEnesZpK3JrJrEoKL72QLT2G6fglPkcFrpU5LCr5T_Nd7M5tA6hiSe3qkimXWi12j0ABpWgCQ/s225/LATERITE.jpg" style="clear: left; display: inline; font-family: Ebrima; font-weight: 700; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><b style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><span style="color: #134f5c;"><b style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #741b47; font-size: large;">5. PRICE OF LATERITE AND FILLING MATERIALS</span></b></span></b></a></div></div></span></span></span></div></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><div style="clear: left; display: inline; font-family: Ebrima; font-weight: 700; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgkLbgS0DI0-B0Q6Fk-kXAzIhi8KJ9mxyDtp2sVCXOMTsTHsxzv8f4-AqRlIodDyLTiuEhdI92CKIe3TiF44uZnOeRFR4QOAwJgeRGtO7s2XKRm9ooGvIe5M5RWED4_eSIQ-n6xQVY0ESwIwKL36Qs4Vj-E5FKXlTv-f-6XFeT9QB5Znir0wBF3OJpwumn-" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="343" data-original-width="342" height="253" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgkLbgS0DI0-B0Q6Fk-kXAzIhi8KJ9mxyDtp2sVCXOMTsTHsxzv8f4-AqRlIodDyLTiuEhdI92CKIe3TiF44uZnOeRFR4QOAwJgeRGtO7s2XKRm9ooGvIe5M5RWED4_eSIQ-n6xQVY0ESwIwKL36Qs4Vj-E5FKXlTv-f-6XFeT9QB5Znir0wBF3OJpwumn-=w239-h253" width="239" /></a></div><br /><br /></div></div></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFMUKKzaHXmzHaqZN9nu_zPP6Mu1AO5-J4JGKKab0h-8iVNNGswVyklgoUqzXo5G6W3XZ8DktDilzaVeqQ147PXC-5VOH8CiUOQSmyMrLj38JFCE2jsx4xMyIM3y2Kk_NkYHLP2Ge9-VdJoqM4tT3wmCLvIyG9bMfILUf4wpyBkcFOZmjtsZqZHV55u_nE/s555/8.BLOG.PNG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="450" data-original-width="555" height="518" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFMUKKzaHXmzHaqZN9nu_zPP6Mu1AO5-J4JGKKab0h-8iVNNGswVyklgoUqzXo5G6W3XZ8DktDilzaVeqQ147PXC-5VOH8CiUOQSmyMrLj38JFCE2jsx4xMyIM3y2Kk_NkYHLP2Ge9-VdJoqM4tT3wmCLvIyG9bMfILUf4wpyBkcFOZmjtsZqZHV55u_nE/w640-h518/8.BLOG.PNG" width="640" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFMUKKzaHXmzHaqZN9nu_zPP6Mu1AO5-J4JGKKab0h-8iVNNGswVyklgoUqzXo5G6W3XZ8DktDilzaVeqQ147PXC-5VOH8CiUOQSmyMrLj38JFCE2jsx4xMyIM3y2Kk_NkYHLP2Ge9-VdJoqM4tT3wmCLvIyG9bMfILUf4wpyBkcFOZmjtsZqZHV55u_nE/s555/8.BLOG.PNG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><b style="font-family: ebrima; font-size: 13.5pt; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #134f5c;"><b style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #741b47; font-size: large;">6<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-WHJnOQutx13NRdjdmWOraeIuZLcIbn-5axqxhTHPAUXCWv8h-Oqi6RKD3Vv-gWuea_08bYKG19CTPG-SOGj5GQvuqh0Ngn9kAJq18HQ6bs9GmKkmcJReEnesZpK3JrJrEoKL72QLT2G6fglPkcFrpU5LCr5T_Nd7M5tA6hiSe3qkimXWi12j0ABpWgCQ/s225/LATERITE.jpg" style="clear: left; display: inline; font-family: Ebrima; font-size: medium; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><b style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><span style="color: #134f5c;"><b style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #741b47; font-size: large;">. PRICE OF HARDCORE FILLING</span></b></span></b></a></span></b></span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><b style="font-family: ebrima; font-size: 13.5pt; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #134f5c;"><b style="font-size: medium;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgkhFdwGbp1uOaNyORBUD6IiR-Ic9Uo_3XrsvxEIJsRqdKZuKL3rKjt9U90-zTu5TKt5iEUlnMrlFPCmmCxl0ExC0VcqMvGidYo5ddrEzINN-95DE_BeVQIf8qgM15lktwdTyaQANg2lbSj9IEk0bOWS5dfSdjGewCUA9FiNrsHrgWsZ_rC39_fyN263t2J" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="164" data-original-width="251" height="209" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgkhFdwGbp1uOaNyORBUD6IiR-Ic9Uo_3XrsvxEIJsRqdKZuKL3rKjt9U90-zTu5TKt5iEUlnMrlFPCmmCxl0ExC0VcqMvGidYo5ddrEzINN-95DE_BeVQIf8qgM15lktwdTyaQANg2lbSj9IEk0bOWS5dfSdjGewCUA9FiNrsHrgWsZ_rC39_fyN263t2J" width="320" /></a></div><br /><br /></b></span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #134f5c;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgArvZskjbeHDUnRiH6655eqTuFyAmvNvSAjmKe5z_51VnhJn03rkY1R_V5u_0cGmnysp7hRPEKpwq69beOUVTpshwyfPZfgj6pu6LXN4vOTlOcqipABHPNhx_gmFA545E_o7dX_QW_kRlSC1QHheX7-8zY5DFInmssefOOhfUbJ5xmvnl8w7-mnxyfDETE/s547/9.BLOG.PNG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="363" data-original-width="547" height="424" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgArvZskjbeHDUnRiH6655eqTuFyAmvNvSAjmKe5z_51VnhJn03rkY1R_V5u_0cGmnysp7hRPEKpwq69beOUVTpshwyfPZfgj6pu6LXN4vOTlOcqipABHPNhx_gmFA545E_o7dX_QW_kRlSC1QHheX7-8zY5DFInmssefOOhfUbJ5xmvnl8w7-mnxyfDETE/w640-h424/9.BLOG.PNG" width="640" /></a></div></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><b style="font-family: ebrima; font-size: 13.5pt; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #134f5c;"><b style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #741b47; font-size: large;">7. PRICE OF BLOCKS AND BRICKS</span></b></span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #134f5c;"><span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: ebrima; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEvsVXt4yManfHveUa-JnPend2SNIZkVicuaiW2sbkR9KgZamuZHrl_cDwnyuetpKKA6hL42Wa9A1AYxlvchxElBEcfKE0IceCe6XjPSz7ULuPmEHmGuBJpEMdh08x-wQBu5R8Ea5pkULUNWB1rVL7l4_ITxL5-bL4ONxfU01wTCJrjmgqohFHRdJhRwvR/s142/BLOCKS.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><img border="0" data-original-height="142" data-original-width="125" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEvsVXt4yManfHveUa-JnPend2SNIZkVicuaiW2sbkR9KgZamuZHrl_cDwnyuetpKKA6hL42Wa9A1AYxlvchxElBEcfKE0IceCe6XjPSz7ULuPmEHmGuBJpEMdh08x-wQBu5R8Ea5pkULUNWB1rVL7l4_ITxL5-bL4ONxfU01wTCJrjmgqohFHRdJhRwvR/s16000/BLOCKS.jpg" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: ebrima; font-weight: 700;"><br /></span></div></span></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-xIsS4q72GdYhGP_3FDdL70_NzgEKoCB0Ctq_hm9pM8AdgO26W39VgWOfKkrHn4oT8sehk-1Tt9LLW911HV_vp7a6kWJDVILlEoCu9UhwBFFScTCcBDbW0VVcUhgo9sPhTz2WAM0peZht9u88d7oklMWhV83fDCPRLwWBze7WYH8cXRKWH4uNLJsgEkJG/s542/10.BLOG.PNG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="425" data-original-width="542" height="502" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-xIsS4q72GdYhGP_3FDdL70_NzgEKoCB0Ctq_hm9pM8AdgO26W39VgWOfKkrHn4oT8sehk-1Tt9LLW911HV_vp7a6kWJDVILlEoCu9UhwBFFScTCcBDbW0VVcUhgo9sPhTz2WAM0peZht9u88d7oklMWhV83fDCPRLwWBze7WYH8cXRKWH4uNLJsgEkJG/w640-h502/10.BLOG.PNG" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhIXIZ2SbhBnjdX47Nhs7RwfDTcz0Dwfg_vYsOyZeLaZ7FPHbtVQSp9nY3_oAC78vwv3nUzLJJmGrJ6a9FhTOF2ng5o6OUUlOCMiX9DLEpY5sK_cmMEIF5eqFyUir-ol2H1Lqdm6lT0WZUx5u0bSOWVAGstakef5qDOLPuS4AY6xDok5QY4Sjmi5glwuTY/s502/11.BLOG.PNG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="395" data-original-width="502" height="504" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhIXIZ2SbhBnjdX47Nhs7RwfDTcz0Dwfg_vYsOyZeLaZ7FPHbtVQSp9nY3_oAC78vwv3nUzLJJmGrJ6a9FhTOF2ng5o6OUUlOCMiX9DLEpY5sK_cmMEIF5eqFyUir-ol2H1Lqdm6lT0WZUx5u0bSOWVAGstakef5qDOLPuS4AY6xDok5QY4Sjmi5glwuTY/w640-h504/11.BLOG.PNG" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b style="font-family: Ebrima; font-size: 13.5pt;"><span style="color: #134f5c;"><b style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #741b47; font-size: large;">8. PRICE OF IRON RODS/STEEL REBARS </span></b></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><span><span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: #134f5c; font-family: Ebrima; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoOARH0IQXanvjeez7TFtC6pr7Ns4eWc_oiPi06M_dY2uPEE0iFfX9kUwyhnduPGvJbgQj7vuNZRKj6EicFUrGCuRoNuWJnh0-7qXO_pOBAYqeMiXgBIYCqUm9rkitxhc6D0gUZexItaufc_D88JVpu5T3ENBxHq57mU0eenhRbt0TuRywFN94oLdC2AIy/s142/REBARS.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><img border="0" data-original-height="142" data-original-width="125" height="174" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoOARH0IQXanvjeez7TFtC6pr7Ns4eWc_oiPi06M_dY2uPEE0iFfX9kUwyhnduPGvJbgQj7vuNZRKj6EicFUrGCuRoNuWJnh0-7qXO_pOBAYqeMiXgBIYCqUm9rkitxhc6D0gUZexItaufc_D88JVpu5T3ENBxHq57mU0eenhRbt0TuRywFN94oLdC2AIy/w153-h174/REBARS.jpg" width="153" /></a></div></span></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; 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text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEg-l9NhKqTX-JicWuM4wallJje3ZkR4oO4M-zHe4qdvsJimnezNcGFYSfpJEfFJHks8BSJvY7Z6rNTK72ZgRjMSp-egvVEWNvLmfmCp3ZwN-kJ_UTvr0J4Lmvz28b4MP9eeYp7xdWMaeRaXvRMJyPtp6IUoTUzgmVge1fH4a72ma4TdDqTfLizw-hWGn-4Y" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEg-l9NhKqTX-JicWuM4wallJje3ZkR4oO4M-zHe4qdvsJimnezNcGFYSfpJEfFJHks8BSJvY7Z6rNTK72ZgRjMSp-egvVEWNvLmfmCp3ZwN-kJ_UTvr0J4Lmvz28b4MP9eeYp7xdWMaeRaXvRMJyPtp6IUoTUzgmVge1fH4a72ma4TdDqTfLizw-hWGn-4Y" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_HxgRTnxgtxY3ZsWYZz3PnHs6_Dn8OgAV42YKML3brNHuDZ95D_dDAt0idK78oqir48ynBEjuzfyo1rUn1Gp1uioYawOcVfEWDRwuLMvCHR0qsmkbxllMVyX2tie_MeldMp6nulsKBV75UmkJoqApZ3nYdJAo5riPLa4LQ10xNo8XnnsWLstnOe8Zmpta/s554/17.BLOG.PNG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="278" data-original-width="554" height="322" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_HxgRTnxgtxY3ZsWYZz3PnHs6_Dn8OgAV42YKML3brNHuDZ95D_dDAt0idK78oqir48ynBEjuzfyo1rUn1Gp1uioYawOcVfEWDRwuLMvCHR0qsmkbxllMVyX2tie_MeldMp6nulsKBV75UmkJoqApZ3nYdJAo5riPLa4LQ10xNo8XnnsWLstnOe8Zmpta/w640-h322/17.BLOG.PNG" width="640" /></a><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgu4CdsVTsRupsvt4s9ey8GHIEfh2BANQanchtk9vM98vemvfCY_e4T5h2WntD2G8Fo2hthcXpAqAbY0THmwbvckVV0CslIlA9jz486F22Q7t44T4T71342Odpl03oxMUxbncG2JbbguUgkdG_efQQorHzhZloaBkZ5YIfvEgxtREjsREXuOkp0pfFNA42M/s566/12.BLOG.PNG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgu4CdsVTsRupsvt4s9ey8GHIEfh2BANQanchtk9vM98vemvfCY_e4T5h2WntD2G8Fo2hthcXpAqAbY0THmwbvckVV0CslIlA9jz486F22Q7t44T4T71342Odpl03oxMUxbncG2JbbguUgkdG_efQQorHzhZloaBkZ5YIfvEgxtREjsREXuOkp0pfFNA42M/s566/12.BLOG.PNG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="281" data-original-width="566" height="318" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgu4CdsVTsRupsvt4s9ey8GHIEfh2BANQanchtk9vM98vemvfCY_e4T5h2WntD2G8Fo2hthcXpAqAbY0THmwbvckVV0CslIlA9jz486F22Q7t44T4T71342Odpl03oxMUxbncG2JbbguUgkdG_efQQorHzhZloaBkZ5YIfvEgxtREjsREXuOkp0pfFNA42M/w640-h318/12.BLOG.PNG" width="640" /></a><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIhGWieQFr2vr_v2Zeoz4QwgaoVJ0nrTiOvgHohWZkE4q-V-NhjpqXkCO9LmkLUs5H8CAMwFtOZ7oo0oda-ADvJTtiIWhjsSAOp8Vfya66OE3GAVd8ZCUqyeEfBD7UrZEiE2DovdA0_sT9gYez5CU5VAdLycKKjSgnZJrT3eKDJJ-0WYvr8jfqOI9UnzXO/s548/16.blog2.PNG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="272" data-original-width="548" height="318" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIhGWieQFr2vr_v2Zeoz4QwgaoVJ0nrTiOvgHohWZkE4q-V-NhjpqXkCO9LmkLUs5H8CAMwFtOZ7oo0oda-ADvJTtiIWhjsSAOp8Vfya66OE3GAVd8ZCUqyeEfBD7UrZEiE2DovdA0_sT9gYez5CU5VAdLycKKjSgnZJrT3eKDJJ-0WYvr8jfqOI9UnzXO/w640-h318/16.blog2.PNG" width="640" /></a></div><br /></div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-ejUu08sTNPpE9X1Tm23XPqk5hn5mnuIXu7TrzhjfnlH8G7i8CcgC8XRwXpaC684aDOdMhjYCMcdnCdRAx3QmLU1SAAcN6QYRQ1DEkREcFfzUBb4p7UguLAWojXakKZXjVkgaOHAENKw4rVPLSGxC_WipiKxEKIqw-oGHrrX8GaeueCb5TV-Y5pIo9WP9/s559/15.BLOG.PNG" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="416" data-original-width="559" height="476" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-ejUu08sTNPpE9X1Tm23XPqk5hn5mnuIXu7TrzhjfnlH8G7i8CcgC8XRwXpaC684aDOdMhjYCMcdnCdRAx3QmLU1SAAcN6QYRQ1DEkREcFfzUBb4p7UguLAWojXakKZXjVkgaOHAENKw4rVPLSGxC_WipiKxEKIqw-oGHrrX8GaeueCb5TV-Y5pIo9WP9/w640-h476/15.BLOG.PNG" width="640" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEg-l9NhKqTX-JicWuM4wallJje3ZkR4oO4M-zHe4qdvsJimnezNcGFYSfpJEfFJHks8BSJvY7Z6rNTK72ZgRjMSp-egvVEWNvLmfmCp3ZwN-kJ_UTvr0J4Lmvz28b4MP9eeYp7xdWMaeRaXvRMJyPtp6IUoTUzgmVge1fH4a72ma4TdDqTfLizw-hWGn-4Y" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEg-l9NhKqTX-JicWuM4wallJje3ZkR4oO4M-zHe4qdvsJimnezNcGFYSfpJEfFJHks8BSJvY7Z6rNTK72ZgRjMSp-egvVEWNvLmfmCp3ZwN-kJ_UTvr0J4Lmvz28b4MP9eeYp7xdWMaeRaXvRMJyPtp6IUoTUzgmVge1fH4a72ma4TdDqTfLizw-hWGn-4Y" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh6Dsba2DXZkoC-vtGybr9g3HDxk63259LvOXNuv4rz7fCjspXqu4CXeFvY-cTAAE1a96FqBPBPZuG4wjqoYctJ4AU_atVgKJebvZhPinLsLTlF3nYXZcSm4ijI-VhzfHPKPwhbVbp3GQ9f1h4AVQr5ptkmUdfaxHtbfPFK1Z_MYsdCXtrYHPb0BD6zY8Zr" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="437" data-original-width="565" height="495" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh6Dsba2DXZkoC-vtGybr9g3HDxk63259LvOXNuv4rz7fCjspXqu4CXeFvY-cTAAE1a96FqBPBPZuG4wjqoYctJ4AU_atVgKJebvZhPinLsLTlF3nYXZcSm4ijI-VhzfHPKPwhbVbp3GQ9f1h4AVQr5ptkmUdfaxHtbfPFK1Z_MYsdCXtrYHPb0BD6zY8Zr=w640-h495" width="640" /></a></div></div></div></div></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVEFOFw3BxBz23ZfmeoZWFyI-XBsFagRoxOIrEha6pI_PXQf9kY0K4kSzvLnn-b7rc-KwcOvk5UPDbps9v0PE_DGa3PnW0_-J-GtR2x15lLLXZgq9a8uutKk2FtlZX62OTJIw695mk0ajHg4A1t6cEqDLjOIgm3_w9haZ9ykFKu0v9ZZGgrw9McEvCAKz6/s545/19.BLOG.PNG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="282" data-original-width="545" height="332" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVEFOFw3BxBz23ZfmeoZWFyI-XBsFagRoxOIrEha6pI_PXQf9kY0K4kSzvLnn-b7rc-KwcOvk5UPDbps9v0PE_DGa3PnW0_-J-GtR2x15lLLXZgq9a8uutKk2FtlZX62OTJIw695mk0ajHg4A1t6cEqDLjOIgm3_w9haZ9ykFKu0v9ZZGgrw9McEvCAKz6/w640-h332/19.BLOG.PNG" width="640" /></a><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><b style="font-family: Ebrima; font-size: 13.5pt;"><span style="color: #134f5c;"><b style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #741b47; font-size: large;">9. PRICE OF BRC MESH </span></b></span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span><span><span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: #134f5c; font-family: Ebrima; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigtg8kVPSEJ9dBf5OIcYtGWTORtIjV23rzWR5RdtNNDLiRNaw0fugjuDPB_G5z0AniY6ZCjnS9DyMO9SEkdQzxO1pnIh1E5URRUDAr0tYElDEwgbFQGUI6t5H3Q2EQLNd2wQskThBg31tW8ku2oqJDxhtt4UCbPogGS9eiTeuzpvGB8Q7MRQxGtVGj-PFE/s225/brcmesh.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><img border="0" data-original-height="225" data-original-width="225" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigtg8kVPSEJ9dBf5OIcYtGWTORtIjV23rzWR5RdtNNDLiRNaw0fugjuDPB_G5z0AniY6ZCjnS9DyMO9SEkdQzxO1pnIh1E5URRUDAr0tYElDEwgbFQGUI6t5H3Q2EQLNd2wQskThBg31tW8ku2oqJDxhtt4UCbPogGS9eiTeuzpvGB8Q7MRQxGtVGj-PFE/s1600/brcmesh.jpg" width="225" /></a></div></span></span></span></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtHx54CEMycfrAJUTo0CcvUc-JmszObS8GJIpN1V2Ax9oW-0zheYbka-1v1Y6ulxa7toA0vY6o-GZDAOo8j0mHumS_yoxgjt-l34u8OvJSMtWOimxLxszsvg7vnmZg4U5IY1TusdjR71Ga4o87C8-GClLRH9yyLGJZ6r4WEDAIiXk01jiSZslBPbvoWmbT/s557/20.BLOG.PNG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="423" data-original-width="557" height="486" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtHx54CEMycfrAJUTo0CcvUc-JmszObS8GJIpN1V2Ax9oW-0zheYbka-1v1Y6ulxa7toA0vY6o-GZDAOo8j0mHumS_yoxgjt-l34u8OvJSMtWOimxLxszsvg7vnmZg4U5IY1TusdjR71Ga4o87C8-GClLRH9yyLGJZ6r4WEDAIiXk01jiSZslBPbvoWmbT/w640-h486/20.BLOG.PNG" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><br /></div></div><div style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><br /></div></div><div style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #741b47; font-family: ebrima; font-size: large;"><b>10. PRICE OF BINDING WIRES</b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYG8HRvR7tuuQevxRVVyvXrXXEwCwHATLIUVjXX09JM_20MVB06BPyidbVPAwqwVA7mqEi1-8bjoNkYl6kQc2aD1ASKQ2dXAdji2clViGe0i7E80x-5xY0cizh4FL7RHC16HPu15zEPV2hI5rJQGdfGWilN8J8J2q21AZM9Ts8jr160_te3QHSeuCuKMbm/s158/bindingwire.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><img border="0" data-original-height="158" data-original-width="158" height="158" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYG8HRvR7tuuQevxRVVyvXrXXEwCwHATLIUVjXX09JM_20MVB06BPyidbVPAwqwVA7mqEi1-8bjoNkYl6kQc2aD1ASKQ2dXAdji2clViGe0i7E80x-5xY0cizh4FL7RHC16HPu15zEPV2hI5rJQGdfGWilN8J8J2q21AZM9Ts8jr160_te3QHSeuCuKMbm/s1600/bindingwire.jpg" width="158" /></a></div><div style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #741b47; font-family: ebrima; font-size: large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh33ya-rAsX1id036LzCVInkNjCEmLH5pC1WEBY18DlhnCPo96mzmY0JW_d-9tvgkAqdMi9zIqD_rRBJkKvn1fVOHwXi4Ac5JcPajd4C-b2kuhDELMRqy6nXox0Ej8e1jNsnNG2P6UDJ-Tb8q1hDZXRkcWbBY4-CgM4MDkKRnsuZPi4Iqow2P-zeE2DooaE/s645/blog.30A.PNG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><img border="0" data-original-height="318" data-original-width="645" height="316" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh33ya-rAsX1id036LzCVInkNjCEmLH5pC1WEBY18DlhnCPo96mzmY0JW_d-9tvgkAqdMi9zIqD_rRBJkKvn1fVOHwXi4Ac5JcPajd4C-b2kuhDELMRqy6nXox0Ej8e1jNsnNG2P6UDJ-Tb8q1hDZXRkcWbBY4-CgM4MDkKRnsuZPi4Iqow2P-zeE2DooaE/w640-h316/blog.30A.PNG" width="640" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 700;"><br /></span></div></span></div><div style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #741b47; font-family: ebrima; font-size: large;"><b>11. PRICE OF MARINE BOARD PLYWOOD</b></span></div><div style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #741b47; font-family: ebrima; font-size: large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieTmGT7V82Zq0eULHUW_Xvux3yXFEJRHLdtqqBr8aSS4kD1_4q27GtBqlzaRy_xt7LvtdWJrY2tMkowOuk7cUnaiKSw3VPplCz3aur93Nn7Nw-la9VGgwQXL8Aq7R9Uurnwpa_4CbTB4qtbIHh5ps2X1_3mdqBrO-gse0AErFEqwo5ZKc1K1AAL4_S6WHd/s304/marine%20board.PNG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><img border="0" data-original-height="261" data-original-width="304" height="261" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieTmGT7V82Zq0eULHUW_Xvux3yXFEJRHLdtqqBr8aSS4kD1_4q27GtBqlzaRy_xt7LvtdWJrY2tMkowOuk7cUnaiKSw3VPplCz3aur93Nn7Nw-la9VGgwQXL8Aq7R9Uurnwpa_4CbTB4qtbIHh5ps2X1_3mdqBrO-gse0AErFEqwo5ZKc1K1AAL4_S6WHd/s1600/marine%20board.PNG" width="304" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 700;"><br /></span></div></span></div><div style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><b style="font-family: ebrima;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxx4V3tFLeQ2b5x3cqX1TvLSJ-FC5Mr0N9rhsXw9h-7kJBts57eA1WV8bxFlPvdAKp-Oc1kphdetJ6BeYg2Ubqgo3P2PTy3spJo803-UbeuQcZhNyc6gIAGpTQxN9fN3ch6K369s8BDoY1ZnAfzRxiJpD6tNfYJGJv0WWOKNAPGJ423EyEf_YauJGlqr3_/s662/33.blog.PNG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="327" data-original-width="662" height="316" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxx4V3tFLeQ2b5x3cqX1TvLSJ-FC5Mr0N9rhsXw9h-7kJBts57eA1WV8bxFlPvdAKp-Oc1kphdetJ6BeYg2Ubqgo3P2PTy3spJo803-UbeuQcZhNyc6gIAGpTQxN9fN3ch6K369s8BDoY1ZnAfzRxiJpD6tNfYJGJv0WWOKNAPGJ423EyEf_YauJGlqr3_/w640-h316/33.blog.PNG" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><b style="color: #741b47; font-family: ebrima; font-size: x-large; text-align: justify;">12. </b><b style="color: #741b47; font-family: ebrima; font-size: x-large; text-align: justify;">PRICE OF HARD PLYWOOD</b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYsYfNTk_8e_Dhtv60TMKwOnusEd9bgI572E46Et8X59zwcPtfTFmQGwExrnep7zunRHZDsYXqJ0bT6cwDZh0kLKLTgP73x_LEevpJMlGwkWGkIk_DBGJtInRwfN2Wor3HlK8UcFhteY_4gUt1-gbdLeyfT-2l2n2F_-EUYbdAH7WvNU3a68iM8JovWrWt/s540/hard%20plywood.PNG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><img border="0" data-original-height="360" data-original-width="540" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYsYfNTk_8e_Dhtv60TMKwOnusEd9bgI572E46Et8X59zwcPtfTFmQGwExrnep7zunRHZDsYXqJ0bT6cwDZh0kLKLTgP73x_LEevpJMlGwkWGkIk_DBGJtInRwfN2Wor3HlK8UcFhteY_4gUt1-gbdLeyfT-2l2n2F_-EUYbdAH7WvNU3a68iM8JovWrWt/s320/hard%20plywood.PNG" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #741b47; font-family: ebrima; font-size: x-large; font-weight: 700;"><br /></span></div></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgq63pQPAWMLyH3NA-a2TdftomVuKjGTbyk2eUBmDylrz5LhiBCEr2AK67TzHvNfHmIR-STxZVHpmWwmCPbuDF8UGmiCsQ58EdvAAu6i5-ycIdqKFSkCVx0om_BPsnAdiSgI8E9Inc9dWrj8LJEQFKa0BS9WoPASWASzirWKzXCG93bHfJ8eT_DxUPOqOeN/s499/30.BLOG.PNG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="393" data-original-width="499" height="504" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgq63pQPAWMLyH3NA-a2TdftomVuKjGTbyk2eUBmDylrz5LhiBCEr2AK67TzHvNfHmIR-STxZVHpmWwmCPbuDF8UGmiCsQ58EdvAAu6i5-ycIdqKFSkCVx0om_BPsnAdiSgI8E9Inc9dWrj8LJEQFKa0BS9WoPASWASzirWKzXCG93bHfJ8eT_DxUPOqOeN/w640-h504/30.BLOG.PNG" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuWsb51F8RgQyzDvcESvonSbzosy8_fFrdp9syAX_PsqYvtADkxjoBbg5cBxVbKQYG803uTeL05VzzMpbIkw31Qfq1y3esR-rDWdPY_nlFr__Q50vnDsHQacze44R3Btly0-ugmZxwDZYMrZE6qlSk-oZ0n71YOaZSDRtwTmngnyCDOYoeUjD8BiGWpu0K/s493/21.BLOG.PNG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="391" data-original-width="493" height="508" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuWsb51F8RgQyzDvcESvonSbzosy8_fFrdp9syAX_PsqYvtADkxjoBbg5cBxVbKQYG803uTeL05VzzMpbIkw31Qfq1y3esR-rDWdPY_nlFr__Q50vnDsHQacze44R3Btly0-ugmZxwDZYMrZE6qlSk-oZ0n71YOaZSDRtwTmngnyCDOYoeUjD8BiGWpu0K/w640-h508/21.BLOG.PNG" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjciEkmxvPnORpQtpkGqbD55KDb22M8sVmpJvcZjrlIaENN5z3n04nZlekC0yaBSVOYC8eE629BKQpBYNvYlbAf9DmRU3tr5kceA1EU__KjoLMhc3gv9QfzFj10745UoSM4rmVqPVGQzVtWVXLIDx4XLYGu67H0bBhoDwFFnLUoi9GkGT7Fsv6tuFjV0xDr/s560/22.BLOG.PNG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="422" data-original-width="560" height="482" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjciEkmxvPnORpQtpkGqbD55KDb22M8sVmpJvcZjrlIaENN5z3n04nZlekC0yaBSVOYC8eE629BKQpBYNvYlbAf9DmRU3tr5kceA1EU__KjoLMhc3gv9QfzFj10745UoSM4rmVqPVGQzVtWVXLIDx4XLYGu67H0bBhoDwFFnLUoi9GkGT7Fsv6tuFjV0xDr/w640-h482/22.BLOG.PNG" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"></div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgI8JdELvxZja1PyK_Qlh0mVMcPTi4CLmDfNidIwFDZ_BPh_Q1l_Tosulr5zKYC0KzDwrCjzZfX-X2L-F8RdmARbSB7jNMeMeF0inVWm5PPOFOIaiNUpqq1OB5s3XENnANpcmNLbh5Z3QvlfZL0neZIlyGIneBmyY-FY_MulzZG8_ECiLxs3zGcxRrof1cI/s494/blog.33.PNG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><br /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgI8JdELvxZja1PyK_Qlh0mVMcPTi4CLmDfNidIwFDZ_BPh_Q1l_Tosulr5zKYC0KzDwrCjzZfX-X2L-F8RdmARbSB7jNMeMeF0inVWm5PPOFOIaiNUpqq1OB5s3XENnANpcmNLbh5Z3QvlfZL0neZIlyGIneBmyY-FY_MulzZG8_ECiLxs3zGcxRrof1cI/s494/blog.33.PNG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><b style="color: #741b47; font-family: ebrima; font-size: x-large;">13. </b><b style="color: #741b47; font-family: ebrima; font-size: x-large;">PRICE OF MDF AND HDF BOARDS</b></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgI8JdELvxZja1PyK_Qlh0mVMcPTi4CLmDfNidIwFDZ_BPh_Q1l_Tosulr5zKYC0KzDwrCjzZfX-X2L-F8RdmARbSB7jNMeMeF0inVWm5PPOFOIaiNUpqq1OB5s3XENnANpcmNLbh5Z3QvlfZL0neZIlyGIneBmyY-FY_MulzZG8_ECiLxs3zGcxRrof1cI/s494/blog.33.PNG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><b style="color: #741b47; font-family: ebrima; font-size: x-large;"></b></a><b style="color: #741b47; font-family: ebrima; font-size: x-large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjO4oWkwgvI-y5qbMc2BgnWKfnu0-iTRMfuNfNerYDo7maGkAm1dV9nTOiPUc6BxieCR2sZ9fy_cRwPgQDF223meIms2rnqgwFgS2NmVSxuGxhwUWr6Ura05avG1Zly1YoSycYhPOjdElH-YrQiamdtKfpg2yFTuAK6yEdHwGB0apeF6cu26ILGZB47hvBx" style="clear: left; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img alt="" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="500" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjO4oWkwgvI-y5qbMc2BgnWKfnu0-iTRMfuNfNerYDo7maGkAm1dV9nTOiPUc6BxieCR2sZ9fy_cRwPgQDF223meIms2rnqgwFgS2NmVSxuGxhwUWr6Ura05avG1Zly1YoSycYhPOjdElH-YrQiamdtKfpg2yFTuAK6yEdHwGB0apeF6cu26ILGZB47hvBx" width="240" /></a></b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgI8JdELvxZja1PyK_Qlh0mVMcPTi4CLmDfNidIwFDZ_BPh_Q1l_Tosulr5zKYC0KzDwrCjzZfX-X2L-F8RdmARbSB7jNMeMeF0inVWm5PPOFOIaiNUpqq1OB5s3XENnANpcmNLbh5Z3QvlfZL0neZIlyGIneBmyY-FY_MulzZG8_ECiLxs3zGcxRrof1cI/s494/blog.33.PNG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvXIB26ziRY5MLp1p7vDYRdP7gXiqMuJ3sMxu-FP3juyWWR6jd_SkntJE167EuxuAp1KtV4Vxthg3JriO6gMgEzOYuGCcTNTJdiXTJT-GoYBtkejDEaeuS4NtNBZ6fmlDiQs3GauIOqSu7IPsXFvcKOUUMVPQGGgQ1URqbTflDJPH8tfRu8TYVff84Nzw_/s496/25.BLOG.PNG" style="clear: left; display: inline; font-family: ebrima; font-size: x-large; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="387" data-original-width="496" height="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvXIB26ziRY5MLp1p7vDYRdP7gXiqMuJ3sMxu-FP3juyWWR6jd_SkntJE167EuxuAp1KtV4Vxthg3JriO6gMgEzOYuGCcTNTJdiXTJT-GoYBtkejDEaeuS4NtNBZ6fmlDiQs3GauIOqSu7IPsXFvcKOUUMVPQGGgQ1URqbTflDJPH8tfRu8TYVff84Nzw_/w640-h500/25.BLOG.PNG" width="640" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEin0gY7WKhjriU2hICUFAN-n0Q93dKApPQBOX-CwKWOz8FuWkAXVlBphXDlAGUA-EhD51nA28p4ck3-A1w4mMFUZJ7VPWa7laGCWTtuq1yYKiG76o1QU7H6ibadNoIYF0nfXs9tmtRPUsh-UX_4UElXs0iXHdjp5SJrXQFTHeAdFbhhPnsQHvSEqdnV4Nke/s497/26.BLOG.PNG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="390" data-original-width="497" height="502" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEin0gY7WKhjriU2hICUFAN-n0Q93dKApPQBOX-CwKWOz8FuWkAXVlBphXDlAGUA-EhD51nA28p4ck3-A1w4mMFUZJ7VPWa7laGCWTtuq1yYKiG76o1QU7H6ibadNoIYF0nfXs9tmtRPUsh-UX_4UElXs0iXHdjp5SJrXQFTHeAdFbhhPnsQHvSEqdnV4Nke/w640-h502/26.BLOG.PNG" width="640" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7yCVmmiU5FlEoJMvvEn0yDSi9BxhDCmM9V2lOCdVi1bzWT-diHaJv_nn4YFAOtMiE0JpO87ppBuE-VL797Abl7j8e6xsLw2iIWk4A8Ral8h9FAaxX51TEnx0BWhNUHldst2cydw3S6g_3996MXxRh1er8aiSVu2ChT5kArlSFG3s0C42ngni2D53eGI6K/s503/27.BLOG.PNG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="397" data-original-width="503" height="506" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7yCVmmiU5FlEoJMvvEn0yDSi9BxhDCmM9V2lOCdVi1bzWT-diHaJv_nn4YFAOtMiE0JpO87ppBuE-VL797Abl7j8e6xsLw2iIWk4A8Ral8h9FAaxX51TEnx0BWhNUHldst2cydw3S6g_3996MXxRh1er8aiSVu2ChT5kArlSFG3s0C42ngni2D53eGI6K/w640-h506/27.BLOG.PNG" width="640" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVkZbWhWHlrTy_E-fheDNlv6EgrRZxrUkYbe3esuK5Zef7SC1GKOBH187OAZiYIZotCgcxRN5__SYV2wqHR6l5WWoR0FnycUd2wlCRfthm1TsTEg0h7zYmDmXhOu7W4-8XnKpAXHyq-oaIvvVmqdfHw2dht12-vC7RXBqKfBRFJ5U7CoYoTo89ktQA9Iz5/s500/29.BLOG.PNG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="392" data-original-width="500" height="502" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVkZbWhWHlrTy_E-fheDNlv6EgrRZxrUkYbe3esuK5Zef7SC1GKOBH187OAZiYIZotCgcxRN5__SYV2wqHR6l5WWoR0FnycUd2wlCRfthm1TsTEg0h7zYmDmXhOu7W4-8XnKpAXHyq-oaIvvVmqdfHw2dht12-vC7RXBqKfBRFJ5U7CoYoTo89ktQA9Iz5/w640-h502/29.BLOG.PNG" width="640" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgI8JdELvxZja1PyK_Qlh0mVMcPTi4CLmDfNidIwFDZ_BPh_Q1l_Tosulr5zKYC0KzDwrCjzZfX-X2L-F8RdmARbSB7jNMeMeF0inVWm5PPOFOIaiNUpqq1OB5s3XENnANpcmNLbh5Z3QvlfZL0neZIlyGIneBmyY-FY_MulzZG8_ECiLxs3zGcxRrof1cI/s494/blog.33.PNG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><br /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgI8JdELvxZja1PyK_Qlh0mVMcPTi4CLmDfNidIwFDZ_BPh_Q1l_Tosulr5zKYC0KzDwrCjzZfX-X2L-F8RdmARbSB7jNMeMeF0inVWm5PPOFOIaiNUpqq1OB5s3XENnANpcmNLbh5Z3QvlfZL0neZIlyGIneBmyY-FY_MulzZG8_ECiLxs3zGcxRrof1cI/s494/blog.33.PNG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><br /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgI8JdELvxZja1PyK_Qlh0mVMcPTi4CLmDfNidIwFDZ_BPh_Q1l_Tosulr5zKYC0KzDwrCjzZfX-X2L-F8RdmARbSB7jNMeMeF0inVWm5PPOFOIaiNUpqq1OB5s3XENnANpcmNLbh5Z3QvlfZL0neZIlyGIneBmyY-FY_MulzZG8_ECiLxs3zGcxRrof1cI/s494/blog.33.PNG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><br /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><b style="color: #741b47; font-family: ebrima; font-size: x-large;">14. </b><b style="color: #741b47; font-family: ebrima; font-size: x-large;">PRI</b><b style="color: #741b47; font-family: ebrima; font-size: x-large;">CE OF SOFTWOOD AND HARDWOOD</b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: #741b47; font-family: ebrima; font-size: x-large; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiRWru1C2aEcRWeAfZxGzPBh-AWlkQC4U1RSHgBjNOPvIs-2CMkf9hYfgRQ2vRYQBjXtY4Iz1H2tILFrcprHmnz581SzkTpmZfXBoT4WygLrR57pnGwPI8mH2rXmPEzEYZ2O2x-bOPtVe7n3NCZBxWOKPOsrGXzzoBwVOa3TN7bNrqaCOhLl0mYkKm_h0c7" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><img alt="" data-original-height="355" data-original-width="407" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiRWru1C2aEcRWeAfZxGzPBh-AWlkQC4U1RSHgBjNOPvIs-2CMkf9hYfgRQ2vRYQBjXtY4Iz1H2tILFrcprHmnz581SzkTpmZfXBoT4WygLrR57pnGwPI8mH2rXmPEzEYZ2O2x-bOPtVe7n3NCZBxWOKPOsrGXzzoBwVOa3TN7bNrqaCOhLl0mYkKm_h0c7" width="275" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #741b47; font-family: ebrima; font-size: x-large; font-weight: 700;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></div></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixcTquBp01cpaBZWKxVQSVb4WvhORMcVK4EcSB10orZFR0PYM4ePoQhB3__7vcm7cC9pUuqJLAFF_PALIsgg153t5Qf2M_Xzor0kaPI1NlFk10pOOQ6ZaIBKI-e9FRiTURDdZlNjc5IsTf-2Up4-f7ORTc4bPq3fRn1_YTGYZRr0MiqNFUuXajPrBlEQ/s547/blog.25.PNG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOb86N8BUD85MOKKfepNKGqSsTbmiG4dIX8cu-wB4x8d1DiJOhh0iGnE5jOL-WtlCzwDeNLmwvZjkA3OUiWukodPhDfPmhw9lBIzu1r4yFUN4A7Jk0OaqxLslTtvwQeWanqKWz1SjV6AoTXYb64Lq6pVYI_lSAZW5Sz2ltyO_7y6poMk3ersxDpQl3Egpu/s499/31.BLOG.PNG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="245" data-original-width="499" height="314" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOb86N8BUD85MOKKfepNKGqSsTbmiG4dIX8cu-wB4x8d1DiJOhh0iGnE5jOL-WtlCzwDeNLmwvZjkA3OUiWukodPhDfPmhw9lBIzu1r4yFUN4A7Jk0OaqxLslTtvwQeWanqKWz1SjV6AoTXYb64Lq6pVYI_lSAZW5Sz2ltyO_7y6poMk3ersxDpQl3Egpu/w640-h314/31.BLOG.PNG" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgX6_LaDa6jcaBSj1nK-oabcTRsVFmXiN5go6pXyu7czvffM1PHqP6VyFk6Vnsw_JB-HrIT-L67tpoHlseQ7VGpgIca9vYqZoZgedcx-X1WSx8fv_fmG3IpQMtlebDiACaD_qhD1BOX5QD1Xp0Y0tKf7A7U1ws_2FbD2ZNz_K3xUiRy3RFP5u9R5CYUfA/s567/blog.26.PNG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="567" data-original-width="560" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgX6_LaDa6jcaBSj1nK-oabcTRsVFmXiN5go6pXyu7czvffM1PHqP6VyFk6Vnsw_JB-HrIT-L67tpoHlseQ7VGpgIca9vYqZoZgedcx-X1WSx8fv_fmG3IpQMtlebDiACaD_qhD1BOX5QD1Xp0Y0tKf7A7U1ws_2FbD2ZNz_K3xUiRy3RFP5u9R5CYUfA/w632-h640/blog.26.PNG" width="632" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiR31TWia-fy9LRVPHBMp_aEowiCbRBD3Sug_Y8U9YlFNBKcpz9zF45dBFicupklJXrQ7euNlSpihorh2LhSOvIRX54Nvxnj_ZbfDPUhYHf8uTbCACAvSR2Lv1f7L3eraaPbywXOdur42b4srLjL-ESqlIOvvPEtZlxt3aQtbKJTQ78qL8Ax2xh8ZsiPQ/s571/blog.27.PNG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="288" data-original-width="571" height="322" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiR31TWia-fy9LRVPHBMp_aEowiCbRBD3Sug_Y8U9YlFNBKcpz9zF45dBFicupklJXrQ7euNlSpihorh2LhSOvIRX54Nvxnj_ZbfDPUhYHf8uTbCACAvSR2Lv1f7L3eraaPbywXOdur42b4srLjL-ESqlIOvvPEtZlxt3aQtbKJTQ78qL8Ax2xh8ZsiPQ/w640-h322/blog.27.PNG" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKsJDVfDT_kpEyLusdTXfwuTDm91PXj4GWH0gwbZCRDBI2u86ETZ6lbvcKMH-ga0HDpEceTKseQktoFLKxEqRvPik6d3aVb_3CFqky0JTI5OHWUw-4EFBlzAAfUidXjlo8tMEsBQI7zE8WPwcyevdSxaQvxlj1s5Hjh7LNPX5Q9i4f4Nmbdgnd0IGbtA/s564/blog.29.PNG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="432" data-original-width="564" height="490" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKsJDVfDT_kpEyLusdTXfwuTDm91PXj4GWH0gwbZCRDBI2u86ETZ6lbvcKMH-ga0HDpEceTKseQktoFLKxEqRvPik6d3aVb_3CFqky0JTI5OHWUw-4EFBlzAAfUidXjlo8tMEsBQI7zE8WPwcyevdSxaQvxlj1s5Hjh7LNPX5Q9i4f4Nmbdgnd0IGbtA/w640-h490/blog.29.PNG" width="640" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivsWNNMYYsyfZKz1qcCpn2U4AUiya48QCEwMCE8uxemWSa4DyEvLhQCDqNKo4Mseo-CWk-O5uL5GBwIvsH_bkAFP7QWyN50mTyoYGGcqdLmLozijXugRaVFWVWq7U1zq4rdxdFbruYPTujx-oAdwMnUXqgDrPB3O7NQ0BV8XUkQG2q1tu6PJL9xxujtQ/s562/blog.28.PNG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="284" data-original-width="562" height="324" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivsWNNMYYsyfZKz1qcCpn2U4AUiya48QCEwMCE8uxemWSa4DyEvLhQCDqNKo4Mseo-CWk-O5uL5GBwIvsH_bkAFP7QWyN50mTyoYGGcqdLmLozijXugRaVFWVWq7U1zq4rdxdFbruYPTujx-oAdwMnUXqgDrPB3O7NQ0BV8XUkQG2q1tu6PJL9xxujtQ/w640-h324/blog.28.PNG" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><br /></div></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><b style="font-family: ebrima;"><span style="color: #741b47; font-size: large;"><b>15. </b><b>PRI</b><b>CE OF NAILS + CONCRETE NAILS</b></span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgqWer67qvcinrReLgJ4N-5syo-vh6FtTN9NkkYKJFxc31nANVwAirp4NWIlx-pKVl_aOoYlQJSA1-dH14Tn4JL2dK_oOFCgapdfQLpGRPnp6cttlsc01OCzhuQrRHcVextllaxKHB091sK5XrpUmbVpfCK5Ln5fTPWGZaJSVVIYuYBThfF9zD7Vtk31tb8" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="1465" data-original-width="1360" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgqWer67qvcinrReLgJ4N-5syo-vh6FtTN9NkkYKJFxc31nANVwAirp4NWIlx-pKVl_aOoYlQJSA1-dH14Tn4JL2dK_oOFCgapdfQLpGRPnp6cttlsc01OCzhuQrRHcVextllaxKHB091sK5XrpUmbVpfCK5Ln5fTPWGZaJSVVIYuYBThfF9zD7Vtk31tb8" width="223" /></a></div><b style="font-family: ebrima;"><span style="color: #741b47; font-size: large;"><b><br /><br /></b></span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgeRGsUcDQbydyWSi-u9tMRXmw5UFZwa2gKUuE7vK1cUTzXgD0Y_Byn_4Si2FJi3xrPx19Wbksa1SptNcSuGIuObjM1ypk8zxfM7V9FbnIQLCNmP6s_qJEmlVtauLDkJapBP8GX8UBCaskXuqd7kkYPbv5my9OPRXUDAtw4P5AdAx18mh2-tcshj_rpnXmT" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="415" data-original-width="504" height="527" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgeRGsUcDQbydyWSi-u9tMRXmw5UFZwa2gKUuE7vK1cUTzXgD0Y_Byn_4Si2FJi3xrPx19Wbksa1SptNcSuGIuObjM1ypk8zxfM7V9FbnIQLCNmP6s_qJEmlVtauLDkJapBP8GX8UBCaskXuqd7kkYPbv5my9OPRXUDAtw4P5AdAx18mh2-tcshj_rpnXmT=w640-h527" width="640" /></a></div><br /><br /><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj2V1MM0Zt_pNyZJQjNx61oQaNWbOc2bEieuUgAXJbPUAQJuKg1mIk4BS4f30FOaWQoF8Vc7OgJzT_O8kwO2piu6CRtROywc3dT7hFmUJ8qg6jryvGBG569QhWnVhPNskrQGH01Qo5qzmmuwoTFZ_jq3ubLa-VYNtTNdr7UCykJSk-o50sV-kxIK2Vio2_B" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="414" data-original-width="836" height="316" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj2V1MM0Zt_pNyZJQjNx61oQaNWbOc2bEieuUgAXJbPUAQJuKg1mIk4BS4f30FOaWQoF8Vc7OgJzT_O8kwO2piu6CRtROywc3dT7hFmUJ8qg6jryvGBG569QhWnVhPNskrQGH01Qo5qzmmuwoTFZ_jq3ubLa-VYNtTNdr7UCykJSk-o50sV-kxIK2Vio2_B=w640-h316" width="640" /></a><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj2V1MM0Zt_pNyZJQjNx61oQaNWbOc2bEieuUgAXJbPUAQJuKg1mIk4BS4f30FOaWQoF8Vc7OgJzT_O8kwO2piu6CRtROywc3dT7hFmUJ8qg6jryvGBG569QhWnVhPNskrQGH01Qo5qzmmuwoTFZ_jq3ubLa-VYNtTNdr7UCykJSk-o50sV-kxIK2Vio2_B" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjYHiQ9oudONt1OWsiW1kNp48t1lg8hiq-f2EeWR9Trt9jScDhjKScvPO3Wr3ZraKsyfqixjx3pdgZhnMQD6PNVsq8Lf_Eag6V-yJiUDrIsROTlfVh9QbFPlwrtAFmY81NdvUahaRw0mvtxSP4r6oUnp-YuVk2AlZskPhDjYK9sedC4f04tQGSfTbPm84pS" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="267" data-original-width="497" height="344" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjYHiQ9oudONt1OWsiW1kNp48t1lg8hiq-f2EeWR9Trt9jScDhjKScvPO3Wr3ZraKsyfqixjx3pdgZhnMQD6PNVsq8Lf_Eag6V-yJiUDrIsROTlfVh9QbFPlwrtAFmY81NdvUahaRw0mvtxSP4r6oUnp-YuVk2AlZskPhDjYK9sedC4f04tQGSfTbPm84pS=w640-h344" width="640" /></a><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiRcZHOkRUFlMrnfSH1gAGvBul8xJEd5_71UuSqGwOY-sukyeQH1zu2bnVhmUAWyDo7HbtASK68COXC-YFwPGXN-HOObup2ZMUrZhvrvYqGDHb7hVjKgo5I7Xhhb6JdY7dePPR5zpYY3ubNYqKST_k0DJSrkK-npXm_LpA1XRgMwgCmCX5og1OnZWqeWfhL" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="412" data-original-width="534" height="494" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiRcZHOkRUFlMrnfSH1gAGvBul8xJEd5_71UuSqGwOY-sukyeQH1zu2bnVhmUAWyDo7HbtASK68COXC-YFwPGXN-HOObup2ZMUrZhvrvYqGDHb7hVjKgo5I7Xhhb6JdY7dePPR5zpYY3ubNYqKST_k0DJSrkK-npXm_LpA1XRgMwgCmCX5og1OnZWqeWfhL=w640-h494" width="640" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiRcZHOkRUFlMrnfSH1gAGvBul8xJEd5_71UuSqGwOY-sukyeQH1zu2bnVhmUAWyDo7HbtASK68COXC-YFwPGXN-HOObup2ZMUrZhvrvYqGDHb7hVjKgo5I7Xhhb6JdY7dePPR5zpYY3ubNYqKST_k0DJSrkK-npXm_LpA1XRgMwgCmCX5og1OnZWqeWfhL" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiRcZHOkRUFlMrnfSH1gAGvBul8xJEd5_71UuSqGwOY-sukyeQH1zu2bnVhmUAWyDo7HbtASK68COXC-YFwPGXN-HOObup2ZMUrZhvrvYqGDHb7hVjKgo5I7Xhhb6JdY7dePPR5zpYY3ubNYqKST_k0DJSrkK-npXm_LpA1XRgMwgCmCX5og1OnZWqeWfhL" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br /></a></div></div></div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEg5oKrwzume4jBMvMt5pf-XOkP0214YWL02QNo1fIL1KuMo3jYYKM_1scNu5fa2fKpUf9BisX7ZpJ0T9k49SRGVftB3xCqcKhfOU-mirKHzsHUbEPfc-fn6pnS_rkrLIlaWDrr38_PS6l_33xMWEcl1kKd-LsxFYnccjN8E5AlQdSjyEXGNKKC8Unf5vnfM" style="font-family: ebrima; font-weight: bold; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="254" data-original-width="199" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEg5oKrwzume4jBMvMt5pf-XOkP0214YWL02QNo1fIL1KuMo3jYYKM_1scNu5fa2fKpUf9BisX7ZpJ0T9k49SRGVftB3xCqcKhfOU-mirKHzsHUbEPfc-fn6pnS_rkrLIlaWDrr38_PS6l_33xMWEcl1kKd-LsxFYnccjN8E5AlQdSjyEXGNKKC8Unf5vnfM" width="188" /></a></div></div></div><b style="color: black; font-family: ebrima;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><b style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #741b47; font-size: large;"><b>16. </b><b>PRI</b><b>CE OF METAL FORMWORK</b></span></b></div><b><span style="color: #741b47; font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #741b47; font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #741b47; font-size: large;"><b><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjxSYy8pbbKTMI7YeDq0OrMNwN87_c4QH9yWNmjm5e5PGooT0rnmSVaOmg8hJ3Ebv6Cm8rEDn6oE9hSvRD2VYeG8_eICGJy9uIF0F3nRSOQjJqbLhlPabmZumIIoB7ARVxO9LnCFVdBKaNEU6n6TAJ0DfjpscN0c4oxCKx2cX3zkdycnsim0LkFj-Cr6r26" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="425" data-original-width="558" height="488" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjxSYy8pbbKTMI7YeDq0OrMNwN87_c4QH9yWNmjm5e5PGooT0rnmSVaOmg8hJ3Ebv6Cm8rEDn6oE9hSvRD2VYeG8_eICGJy9uIF0F3nRSOQjJqbLhlPabmZumIIoB7ARVxO9LnCFVdBKaNEU6n6TAJ0DfjpscN0c4oxCKx2cX3zkdycnsim0LkFj-Cr6r26=w640-h488" width="640" /></a></div><br /><br /></b></span></b></div></b>
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<b style="color: black; font-family: ebrima;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #741b47; font-size: large;">17. </span></b><b><b><span style="color: #741b47; font-size: large;"><b>PRI</b><b>CE OF WINDOWS (ALUMINUM, BRONZE-PLATED, PVC, TIMBER-GLAZED AND LOUVRE WINDOWS)</b></span></b></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><b><span style="color: #741b47;"><b>All Prices are for windows and nets</b></span></b></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #741b47; font-size: large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhiCLNh6CmvY2XLDqrnuSt0zSjGBjO2rkNsYSRR9PYZgEy6B9Pln7bdZZVeRlDlHl1oeVtRwLup-w_ruiIf84W444N_TT9NPeRBGL4XUEWuqygY1p_x7UeY7PVCuQv8nsE6U20GOsN6kV6yFrKI6M8u3oYZ4jy8bRfBtBnOyqLREFOAqFO2oumqUJWATme3" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="213" data-original-width="220" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhiCLNh6CmvY2XLDqrnuSt0zSjGBjO2rkNsYSRR9PYZgEy6B9Pln7bdZZVeRlDlHl1oeVtRwLup-w_ruiIf84W444N_TT9NPeRBGL4XUEWuqygY1p_x7UeY7PVCuQv8nsE6U20GOsN6kV6yFrKI6M8u3oYZ4jy8bRfBtBnOyqLREFOAqFO2oumqUJWATme3" width="248" /></a></div><br /> <br /></span></b></div></b><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #741b47; font-family: ebrima; font-size: x-large; font-weight: 700;"><br /></span></div>
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float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="416" data-original-width="532" height="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj15-F5KabE0myouukBAaxD2U4inmHRkcW-_9ZBo2QAQlmSud9RB3UFSaVI6ZvVmXTLFVx3LfVHOp_-VPuYLXR42IYXS1dxYgpBoVac_bHCPDSAycziwvFVyioBcWgFFGEv3BssCdtrmIHpW1sOdM88Eq-tt0ngCj88p_BHOdf05Y9hox2oD8tLFySLfh9y=w640-h500" width="640" /></a><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj15-F5KabE0myouukBAaxD2U4inmHRkcW-_9ZBo2QAQlmSud9RB3UFSaVI6ZvVmXTLFVx3LfVHOp_-VPuYLXR42IYXS1dxYgpBoVac_bHCPDSAycziwvFVyioBcWgFFGEv3BssCdtrmIHpW1sOdM88Eq-tt0ngCj88p_BHOdf05Y9hox2oD8tLFySLfh9y" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjzd9-LZBXvRPVc3rjTLGMh1FTQb81-J-0cB_NPvXwgnqVBrVcCqz2mc1iVNXFy5p6yu2GuNLWjfz0V2rijfunpB4rsnzg1C8yTcxNn-jylw5gTGNQE4bJO105DWv6hZ8AKUqiAbeHMc3Hxz_IxnM41-TkB_-veeZ3ZObTrkFkdLUu4ONj5mdihwC_0fCvX" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="414" data-original-width="530" height="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjzd9-LZBXvRPVc3rjTLGMh1FTQb81-J-0cB_NPvXwgnqVBrVcCqz2mc1iVNXFy5p6yu2GuNLWjfz0V2rijfunpB4rsnzg1C8yTcxNn-jylw5gTGNQE4bJO105DWv6hZ8AKUqiAbeHMc3Hxz_IxnM41-TkB_-veeZ3ZObTrkFkdLUu4ONj5mdihwC_0fCvX=w640-h500" width="640" /></a></div><br /></div></div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgsgbqBUFaelilGn8RDr3HfuV8viJ1pmjIoY67Rl10_8IFU5o-tLdByc_P3GERw5lD7OQQVtobbkcaMpyVCnhKxDA7W0bpPr9m-seewQXrbhD7KAXIim6D4M7r4_fMUbQ6rYdYYnFxxsjSxQUsaCV7B-AEIOp5PKMw4g2L9NqWUOADOf93XpsjTxdnIB0E6" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhxW8accsXXo_R4z0KO6zhrf7dAXCFt5bZOAp3E4gk90EAOVOtibvElWHIHanBqXJoVrlXOeOSjnvrEPxZW147WILHKXues9_JY6GLoHD6RGL8YDPT0hA7q5-cSc51yd__vgT1CjxkO_1QpB7enwjcsojviqEeqEgzSieoejh5tZcOtZ_KFX49s6aPf0SOz" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="409" data-original-width="529" height="495" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhxW8accsXXo_R4z0KO6zhrf7dAXCFt5bZOAp3E4gk90EAOVOtibvElWHIHanBqXJoVrlXOeOSjnvrEPxZW147WILHKXues9_JY6GLoHD6RGL8YDPT0hA7q5-cSc51yd__vgT1CjxkO_1QpB7enwjcsojviqEeqEgzSieoejh5tZcOtZ_KFX49s6aPf0SOz=w640-h495" width="640" /></a><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhxW8accsXXo_R4z0KO6zhrf7dAXCFt5bZOAp3E4gk90EAOVOtibvElWHIHanBqXJoVrlXOeOSjnvrEPxZW147WILHKXues9_JY6GLoHD6RGL8YDPT0hA7q5-cSc51yd__vgT1CjxkO_1QpB7enwjcsojviqEeqEgzSieoejh5tZcOtZ_KFX49s6aPf0SOz" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjHkDbm4QVAPlOdVKlePawjBR3FFHgRMyk5S5eC410Jho3PCgoLlaf8nQejUfwFklQLiAtvceeNUduDRdHQAZF0du7TCmMA46saOnJcTzQq8hFNxeSKW5rg6e91y6NfhUOepl94Voog-cKiHlhSTtvT09UFW36aIeyDcLIIcVmmgE6TRVHqBpjZYhU33uBf" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="414" data-original-width="537" height="494" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjHkDbm4QVAPlOdVKlePawjBR3FFHgRMyk5S5eC410Jho3PCgoLlaf8nQejUfwFklQLiAtvceeNUduDRdHQAZF0du7TCmMA46saOnJcTzQq8hFNxeSKW5rg6e91y6NfhUOepl94Voog-cKiHlhSTtvT09UFW36aIeyDcLIIcVmmgE6TRVHqBpjZYhU33uBf=w640-h494" width="640" /></a><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjHkDbm4QVAPlOdVKlePawjBR3FFHgRMyk5S5eC410Jho3PCgoLlaf8nQejUfwFklQLiAtvceeNUduDRdHQAZF0du7TCmMA46saOnJcTzQq8hFNxeSKW5rg6e91y6NfhUOepl94Voog-cKiHlhSTtvT09UFW36aIeyDcLIIcVmmgE6TRVHqBpjZYhU33uBf" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiUT4cjOwxP9zQfv_cjENsasInNUe-8RgMZcNwobC0r36fclM0OiHN2BBEFlmwGFCSqnfQaifterra8WY6UY40mmK4UErPOdrwauQ5pNWuAABLhJCT67r00ifKtsPK8rG51nxuG0_cOrEhd_AKxtjaQP6PPrJr5qD6t6yelczH7Cryio3XsuvbNhFjXVFvk" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="411" data-original-width="531" height="495" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiUT4cjOwxP9zQfv_cjENsasInNUe-8RgMZcNwobC0r36fclM0OiHN2BBEFlmwGFCSqnfQaifterra8WY6UY40mmK4UErPOdrwauQ5pNWuAABLhJCT67r00ifKtsPK8rG51nxuG0_cOrEhd_AKxtjaQP6PPrJr5qD6t6yelczH7Cryio3XsuvbNhFjXVFvk=w640-h495" width="640" /></a></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEikOAQ-Vg5dkV4ak2RbLHRhyYpwZjJWYwEkf70xfYVxVe3lHhKob3rNjnG_PvMLMqj6_G8gNyFvMAuJLZL7kXbXpnE77e0lT98EZJKG8y7Eo1AH0qtWlQ8fkeHij_1XgH4qRimvfGd-PPN12tY2b64phGclRP5-uEixy7FXkTy80jTOLNy-C8fmSERQlq9v" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="415" data-original-width="530" height="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEikOAQ-Vg5dkV4ak2RbLHRhyYpwZjJWYwEkf70xfYVxVe3lHhKob3rNjnG_PvMLMqj6_G8gNyFvMAuJLZL7kXbXpnE77e0lT98EZJKG8y7Eo1AH0qtWlQ8fkeHij_1XgH4qRimvfGd-PPN12tY2b64phGclRP5-uEixy7FXkTy80jTOLNy-C8fmSERQlq9v=w640-h500" width="640" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh81BXBTdNPG03cgxWAw-sWQ4SY1u-KuI4zUFAVhGaMr2shaAuMiOQSQ11o9owtQRVq-QeC5U6z0OUEzS8K8jIb7vO1htWK-x7dyKNLint5SYLTkiH8maHT-5uR9JkrQG9HLSxayeXmcCYm15S9786ZmGdBSeXf0lD3uWeToQEDYiP9r86XbtTyj6rRe0Su" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="409" data-original-width="536" height="488" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh81BXBTdNPG03cgxWAw-sWQ4SY1u-KuI4zUFAVhGaMr2shaAuMiOQSQ11o9owtQRVq-QeC5U6z0OUEzS8K8jIb7vO1htWK-x7dyKNLint5SYLTkiH8maHT-5uR9JkrQG9HLSxayeXmcCYm15S9786ZmGdBSeXf0lD3uWeToQEDYiP9r86XbtTyj6rRe0Su=w640-h488" width="640" /></a></div></div></div></div><br /></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><b style="font-family: ebrima;"><b><span style="color: #741b47; font-size: large;"><b><br />18. PRICES OF BUGLARY PROOFS<br /></b></span></b></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><b style="font-family: ebrima;"><b><span style="color: #741b47; font-size: large;"><b><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgL-99Lfj8auoADx4ncr0nK4Y46pr2qFGE5gbJTXiyHBDCrkAqmT7ugjZyy-cincr_MhLCU1EolmEuPL5CtxcrHlhqVVdBw4kruiln0IcKw7BPDtbaJXzVN9NSqyTeJLGqdkeqLqo3P0YbWTgtGrHicfCOAJ_y0VNhaHULwAkw8QvoeNB0bsIjGu8sXJaeR" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="119" data-original-width="122" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgL-99Lfj8auoADx4ncr0nK4Y46pr2qFGE5gbJTXiyHBDCrkAqmT7ugjZyy-cincr_MhLCU1EolmEuPL5CtxcrHlhqVVdBw4kruiln0IcKw7BPDtbaJXzVN9NSqyTeJLGqdkeqLqo3P0YbWTgtGrHicfCOAJ_y0VNhaHULwAkw8QvoeNB0bsIjGu8sXJaeR" width="246" /></a></div><br /><br /></b></span></b></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><b style="font-family: ebrima;"><b><span style="color: #741b47; font-size: large;"><b><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjVvkk2dURZ09964GdToh6VYL2Vzy6m_WuDdI1v_2UPiMf5lYmeHP3YKpR1-_28jDGt8HWZEXMAqnPSxc4NvZ1zLu3lgcHqNx0C-odZnnz2iKrLdxjXuC5dU6C45Z5vrW8f06ElCO7C0ATDUOxvQ-oj-QoFlttGvSlKuNr40_18crgWyRzXsQPEOQxtHvdH" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="517" data-original-width="674" height="491" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjVvkk2dURZ09964GdToh6VYL2Vzy6m_WuDdI1v_2UPiMf5lYmeHP3YKpR1-_28jDGt8HWZEXMAqnPSxc4NvZ1zLu3lgcHqNx0C-odZnnz2iKrLdxjXuC5dU6C45Z5vrW8f06ElCO7C0ATDUOxvQ-oj-QoFlttGvSlKuNr40_18crgWyRzXsQPEOQxtHvdH=w640-h491" width="640" /></a><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjVvkk2dURZ09964GdToh6VYL2Vzy6m_WuDdI1v_2UPiMf5lYmeHP3YKpR1-_28jDGt8HWZEXMAqnPSxc4NvZ1zLu3lgcHqNx0C-odZnnz2iKrLdxjXuC5dU6C45Z5vrW8f06ElCO7C0ATDUOxvQ-oj-QoFlttGvSlKuNr40_18crgWyRzXsQPEOQxtHvdH" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgwmNb2lYGifjhVmCaLASSRm4sIEMWan0pBgB7Pzwa8ckRB1UwRED7DF6e2Y4EkgbCQhRpyZPSe3eKlS2Aomf8T5PY98k7sYqSRafbb7oUzSF4xMmD1dW3iHJLJPXkMPTsczm0byQ6xmj95vJUWxINdoz7dNGGKqnR3oU0yCAwxkry_g4u1Qh2W11oqj2fD" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="516" data-original-width="669" height="494" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgwmNb2lYGifjhVmCaLASSRm4sIEMWan0pBgB7Pzwa8ckRB1UwRED7DF6e2Y4EkgbCQhRpyZPSe3eKlS2Aomf8T5PY98k7sYqSRafbb7oUzSF4xMmD1dW3iHJLJPXkMPTsczm0byQ6xmj95vJUWxINdoz7dNGGKqnR3oU0yCAwxkry_g4u1Qh2W11oqj2fD=w640-h494" width="640" /></a><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgwmNb2lYGifjhVmCaLASSRm4sIEMWan0pBgB7Pzwa8ckRB1UwRED7DF6e2Y4EkgbCQhRpyZPSe3eKlS2Aomf8T5PY98k7sYqSRafbb7oUzSF4xMmD1dW3iHJLJPXkMPTsczm0byQ6xmj95vJUWxINdoz7dNGGKqnR3oU0yCAwxkry_g4u1Qh2W11oqj2fD" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgmCBQYvI3q1Re-656DHITFG6WvttuD79GZT039opAe3fHnpmagit9rPG9hTwOCGu7vCu4IYJUORK2SM3ag0U9BEeN-q4_mkPL4TIiAKo1gjeHN_Fe9YjzASXO_WBkDtx8rRVhYcH1JbdybYZdx0rVr7ZMDi1p9QWGBoC_ykrmjZb5v_BlQzfVeHrJDaUiM" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="515" data-original-width="667" height="494" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgmCBQYvI3q1Re-656DHITFG6WvttuD79GZT039opAe3fHnpmagit9rPG9hTwOCGu7vCu4IYJUORK2SM3ag0U9BEeN-q4_mkPL4TIiAKo1gjeHN_Fe9YjzASXO_WBkDtx8rRVhYcH1JbdybYZdx0rVr7ZMDi1p9QWGBoC_ykrmjZb5v_BlQzfVeHrJDaUiM=w640-h494" width="640" /></a><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgmCBQYvI3q1Re-656DHITFG6WvttuD79GZT039opAe3fHnpmagit9rPG9hTwOCGu7vCu4IYJUORK2SM3ag0U9BEeN-q4_mkPL4TIiAKo1gjeHN_Fe9YjzASXO_WBkDtx8rRVhYcH1JbdybYZdx0rVr7ZMDi1p9QWGBoC_ykrmjZb5v_BlQzfVeHrJDaUiM" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi9QeanS6PMAk_YLXiAL2YJPpUT5xQmvXC7E4Mz2hfUwI1Xr9rWslX2cJi6yWdr8KFkcWDTsoFPYXvIPVftqLwCMnGO73kYbuic06-m7GoxpkN1fTOqBPlZi9-0E1WjAKjk-OcCZWWU7HWVKtp11Ujwfpupe52as8Pno_pjeEDbRQfSrd5yermtSPu-gfoO" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="515" data-original-width="666" height="495" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi9QeanS6PMAk_YLXiAL2YJPpUT5xQmvXC7E4Mz2hfUwI1Xr9rWslX2cJi6yWdr8KFkcWDTsoFPYXvIPVftqLwCMnGO73kYbuic06-m7GoxpkN1fTOqBPlZi9-0E1WjAKjk-OcCZWWU7HWVKtp11Ujwfpupe52as8Pno_pjeEDbRQfSrd5yermtSPu-gfoO=w640-h495" width="640" /></a><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi9QeanS6PMAk_YLXiAL2YJPpUT5xQmvXC7E4Mz2hfUwI1Xr9rWslX2cJi6yWdr8KFkcWDTsoFPYXvIPVftqLwCMnGO73kYbuic06-m7GoxpkN1fTOqBPlZi9-0E1WjAKjk-OcCZWWU7HWVKtp11Ujwfpupe52as8Pno_pjeEDbRQfSrd5yermtSPu-gfoO" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjc5o_KZ53pLF5hCeu3-fkxOiK3cKBtAspFK94GC0EShfFqrRn-pbwQkGkMZ-sZCQVceE4u1gdIVX1XQ_d5ByxSJjvmz4ipUkwXN-QNPFLmcbKCCZ8W4UBklvdGFRWXmZ5MjlDthjQGWRnATqdiVsCbNiGzn76Mk23FMW4_sSVgjB3Krz0JfzIyKemNrr3p" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="520" data-original-width="671" height="495" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjc5o_KZ53pLF5hCeu3-fkxOiK3cKBtAspFK94GC0EShfFqrRn-pbwQkGkMZ-sZCQVceE4u1gdIVX1XQ_d5ByxSJjvmz4ipUkwXN-QNPFLmcbKCCZ8W4UBklvdGFRWXmZ5MjlDthjQGWRnATqdiVsCbNiGzn76Mk23FMW4_sSVgjB3Krz0JfzIyKemNrr3p=w640-h495" width="640" /></a></div><br /></div></div></div></div></b></span></b></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><b style="font-family: ebrima;"><b><span style="color: #741b47; font-size: large;"><b>19. PRICES OF FLUSH, PANEL AND ARMORED DOORS</b></span></b></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><b style="font-family: ebrima;"><b><span style="color: #741b47; font-size: large;"><b><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh1IqWE2eOcq167_FgTV7KmO9KmYK7gixkjiJgm3B2eWiKFmlxA6ge8wQQnpRhGUN-JbpWaegz4wwZcbsS7JRhn8wp7mZw0P8Jas5Z6mstuJYZFkHtIxOrUcsgrrt2o-r2w9buL0m51nUR7-2T0Y6DnsdLtwigOWtjjxCsl0IWOmnGumQCVFrQjdrAoz2uP" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="750" data-original-width="750" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh1IqWE2eOcq167_FgTV7KmO9KmYK7gixkjiJgm3B2eWiKFmlxA6ge8wQQnpRhGUN-JbpWaegz4wwZcbsS7JRhn8wp7mZw0P8Jas5Z6mstuJYZFkHtIxOrUcsgrrt2o-r2w9buL0m51nUR7-2T0Y6DnsdLtwigOWtjjxCsl0IWOmnGumQCVFrQjdrAoz2uP" width="240" /></a></div><br /><br /></b></span></b></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><b style="font-family: ebrima;"><b><span style="color: #741b47; font-size: large;"><b><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhNoaKnajR9R6oqHBZHjumQv4rjU6uZh5oEutWypy94Ci9yd3WzzNiZvj78CCLMC-YaVO9QjyJkBnmxmEDmgyNLlT-3pK8pG_Z61LGtUkcPDKsxo6ECrkX5xc-WQbeiaabcdtdWKE6xul4iK-EwGuoUOLZFWbMjQ2oftj5tMPxZC2i7yhe7l14hjVH9V1CK" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="521" data-original-width="669" height="499" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhNoaKnajR9R6oqHBZHjumQv4rjU6uZh5oEutWypy94Ci9yd3WzzNiZvj78CCLMC-YaVO9QjyJkBnmxmEDmgyNLlT-3pK8pG_Z61LGtUkcPDKsxo6ECrkX5xc-WQbeiaabcdtdWKE6xul4iK-EwGuoUOLZFWbMjQ2oftj5tMPxZC2i7yhe7l14hjVH9V1CK=w640-h499" width="640" /></a><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhNoaKnajR9R6oqHBZHjumQv4rjU6uZh5oEutWypy94Ci9yd3WzzNiZvj78CCLMC-YaVO9QjyJkBnmxmEDmgyNLlT-3pK8pG_Z61LGtUkcPDKsxo6ECrkX5xc-WQbeiaabcdtdWKE6xul4iK-EwGuoUOLZFWbMjQ2oftj5tMPxZC2i7yhe7l14hjVH9V1CK" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjy-Z0DD-r1i5-Ms91RPNAokavK-cU83MJXMuFODcg1kdIaxE4QNYh4nm_knmtmG785glkDnkgmmjp90fZhrPJnR29QsGAyFTFPNv5tzQ9gs87D0_nmYVZIZrnj5bjOXHvJu21hK3Gl1WAoh_kaBWJq4aMDVSM8K5Wlyg5ABSqN38iJqy171tr4ZQrN2S0H" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="514" data-original-width="667" height="494" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjy-Z0DD-r1i5-Ms91RPNAokavK-cU83MJXMuFODcg1kdIaxE4QNYh4nm_knmtmG785glkDnkgmmjp90fZhrPJnR29QsGAyFTFPNv5tzQ9gs87D0_nmYVZIZrnj5bjOXHvJu21hK3Gl1WAoh_kaBWJq4aMDVSM8K5Wlyg5ABSqN38iJqy171tr4ZQrN2S0H=w640-h494" width="640" /></a><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjy-Z0DD-r1i5-Ms91RPNAokavK-cU83MJXMuFODcg1kdIaxE4QNYh4nm_knmtmG785glkDnkgmmjp90fZhrPJnR29QsGAyFTFPNv5tzQ9gs87D0_nmYVZIZrnj5bjOXHvJu21hK3Gl1WAoh_kaBWJq4aMDVSM8K5Wlyg5ABSqN38iJqy171tr4ZQrN2S0H" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj5Djzi-6OtKSCWLzDst77bSJy4VL3yDujghB7GSRN--8eL9MT5i51nTlpwl2v4ODqy1FBkt9y_5uBIkoPekVVT3garCAjV98yvXp73ta0PLDmYO1Di-BmarnE9pJwlVkjOEJ_jGxXfnexnxvXHRCyT6qGqKabljeaZM9a7Acqtf3ncmtYtGV1gJqDCCzjV" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="512" data-original-width="671" height="488" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj5Djzi-6OtKSCWLzDst77bSJy4VL3yDujghB7GSRN--8eL9MT5i51nTlpwl2v4ODqy1FBkt9y_5uBIkoPekVVT3garCAjV98yvXp73ta0PLDmYO1Di-BmarnE9pJwlVkjOEJ_jGxXfnexnxvXHRCyT6qGqKabljeaZM9a7Acqtf3ncmtYtGV1gJqDCCzjV=w640-h488" width="640" /></a><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj5Djzi-6OtKSCWLzDst77bSJy4VL3yDujghB7GSRN--8eL9MT5i51nTlpwl2v4ODqy1FBkt9y_5uBIkoPekVVT3garCAjV98yvXp73ta0PLDmYO1Di-BmarnE9pJwlVkjOEJ_jGxXfnexnxvXHRCyT6qGqKabljeaZM9a7Acqtf3ncmtYtGV1gJqDCCzjV" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEguuLPRyjmykJEUn5YXaiOvyJIRqYad2QmQJveDQfbeBWDaA2lcaewFir7aa4qbErxctzfcZOeL7iPAKv7nzKaYbEs-mNRakZEwWfyU3EIUzYsvJvqlbRKoGnMHEW65ED7_K9ITkkkqt8jpPnOaXtaVSZTvPYbwmjNcLgnTJfYJ29bT7rj0BIq3hsNPXco5" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="517" data-original-width="667" height="495" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEguuLPRyjmykJEUn5YXaiOvyJIRqYad2QmQJveDQfbeBWDaA2lcaewFir7aa4qbErxctzfcZOeL7iPAKv7nzKaYbEs-mNRakZEwWfyU3EIUzYsvJvqlbRKoGnMHEW65ED7_K9ITkkkqt8jpPnOaXtaVSZTvPYbwmjNcLgnTJfYJ29bT7rj0BIq3hsNPXco5=w640-h495" width="640" /></a><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEguuLPRyjmykJEUn5YXaiOvyJIRqYad2QmQJveDQfbeBWDaA2lcaewFir7aa4qbErxctzfcZOeL7iPAKv7nzKaYbEs-mNRakZEwWfyU3EIUzYsvJvqlbRKoGnMHEW65ED7_K9ITkkkqt8jpPnOaXtaVSZTvPYbwmjNcLgnTJfYJ29bT7rj0BIq3hsNPXco5" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiGCwYDt99z9PyntneETw7sytkEtpb6L6dFwr88Zt_VMEvr2c9LbioOHEMaVVEgrtX1D8LzG7eEiJzS1PiTmMqK0BAHYhuF3uinsWcxv3OANowhMQrKVANvjLVMjAODTOoTeo747VGnZUw-mq6NeakzACv3XIwOTw1S-ax9RAPCBBC0AdXjSU5kT-H1cnAP" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br /></a><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiGCwYDt99z9PyntneETw7sytkEtpb6L6dFwr88Zt_VMEvr2c9LbioOHEMaVVEgrtX1D8LzG7eEiJzS1PiTmMqK0BAHYhuF3uinsWcxv3OANowhMQrKVANvjLVMjAODTOoTeo747VGnZUw-mq6NeakzACv3XIwOTw1S-ax9RAPCBBC0AdXjSU5kT-H1cnAP" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh6Bz0F2H0eYWMMuMedPXjloi4gpEVSIFv-W4X4fgA6POD8j1LSXVyQRvF87XuyEh7oCvn6XMHUEmLyCp-j09qnJsl5Rj2an87TB3GsZtr8fKDh9HfKmJav5QDYwx2n1JINw9WzPXck6rb8ecrq1wPHhj5W35kQB3gnJvVyRzXltLkecBPZpXVI0dIDJM2q" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="517" data-original-width="671" height="494" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh6Bz0F2H0eYWMMuMedPXjloi4gpEVSIFv-W4X4fgA6POD8j1LSXVyQRvF87XuyEh7oCvn6XMHUEmLyCp-j09qnJsl5Rj2an87TB3GsZtr8fKDh9HfKmJav5QDYwx2n1JINw9WzPXck6rb8ecrq1wPHhj5W35kQB3gnJvVyRzXltLkecBPZpXVI0dIDJM2q=w640-h494" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiGCwYDt99z9PyntneETw7sytkEtpb6L6dFwr88Zt_VMEvr2c9LbioOHEMaVVEgrtX1D8LzG7eEiJzS1PiTmMqK0BAHYhuF3uinsWcxv3OANowhMQrKVANvjLVMjAODTOoTeo747VGnZUw-mq6NeakzACv3XIwOTw1S-ax9RAPCBBC0AdXjSU5kT-H1cnAP" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="511" data-original-width="669" height="489" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiGCwYDt99z9PyntneETw7sytkEtpb6L6dFwr88Zt_VMEvr2c9LbioOHEMaVVEgrtX1D8LzG7eEiJzS1PiTmMqK0BAHYhuF3uinsWcxv3OANowhMQrKVANvjLVMjAODTOoTeo747VGnZUw-mq6NeakzACv3XIwOTw1S-ax9RAPCBBC0AdXjSU5kT-H1cnAP=w640-h489" width="640" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiXPepUiSZPKKGT_LNwF1ctMi4bm-48UI3Gp91CFv6IUk0GUz_0hXVtBHHyNLMsAeAYPABAd2OPkye3uB6Glv5pVS1vm7RktCGp6tBnunVCfgCMOVjiSBXje2yJfaR2eC8B-Yg86cCrUrXd52wIttVQ7W4Ky9nDw9oPHoy4Ktlssk0pOfNVqb_zBiV_7E-G" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="511" data-original-width="670" height="488" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiXPepUiSZPKKGT_LNwF1ctMi4bm-48UI3Gp91CFv6IUk0GUz_0hXVtBHHyNLMsAeAYPABAd2OPkye3uB6Glv5pVS1vm7RktCGp6tBnunVCfgCMOVjiSBXje2yJfaR2eC8B-Yg86cCrUrXd52wIttVQ7W4Ky9nDw9oPHoy4Ktlssk0pOfNVqb_zBiV_7E-G=w640-h488" width="640" /></a><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjESfjiF0oOy8YApAIEI84VhVgdZYsGFaj4sY5Wn980dTMOhTcbELKHbFeaHxtzpgE1pjlt11xYxUQW3rJTGrgCrWZOaakoHSsoO_BTNhYivKmVwFb8HFPN9jiiIvzqDN67jhktROSEHRqUKoijAc1QDjD9ax65QQi-AenKmHhAg3khR8SItGbzckzCyFvI" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="520" data-original-width="676" height="492" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjESfjiF0oOy8YApAIEI84VhVgdZYsGFaj4sY5Wn980dTMOhTcbELKHbFeaHxtzpgE1pjlt11xYxUQW3rJTGrgCrWZOaakoHSsoO_BTNhYivKmVwFb8HFPN9jiiIvzqDN67jhktROSEHRqUKoijAc1QDjD9ax65QQi-AenKmHhAg3khR8SItGbzckzCyFvI=w640-h492" width="640" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgANO3jNc5PcEuMAyHHDNwFCk_NWcOi3bbEsygT0OmpGi9dAoJdvKpJTwDQKmJcVNsTo9QcBu5pWV-sx9tdllRYX6ClEvrkO_sdarlHehkBBg7HzUiC4NuX3yG36F7QCx3S_Kb13oNpal5-fgKfd-cFOaiDgEJPteeykkKwqwKea5zbz7Xt36N9DlyHA-MR" style="clear: left; 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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #741b47; font-family: Ebrima; font-size: large;"><b>20. PRICES OF METAL GATES</b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #741b47; font-family: Ebrima; font-size: large;"><b><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgeQ-4RaHZlsr0Gaay1u8Ee3N6QjjRRJ5U5JOsttW22C6YtUdSoKFD51pFcXtMWHYwRj8vGlIkT_WsZ99On9mnrOzzmYuRdkmxS3z77ABu0NhRHN9RvalNmS2_x5eWUERVLHioiM0LB_WsH_dGydQT0TzbWGhdB7PfD_w58EpJT-2yJF8-xNp1_eYLf6TeC" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="225" data-original-width="225" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgeQ-4RaHZlsr0Gaay1u8Ee3N6QjjRRJ5U5JOsttW22C6YtUdSoKFD51pFcXtMWHYwRj8vGlIkT_WsZ99On9mnrOzzmYuRdkmxS3z77ABu0NhRHN9RvalNmS2_x5eWUERVLHioiM0LB_WsH_dGydQT0TzbWGhdB7PfD_w58EpJT-2yJF8-xNp1_eYLf6TeC" width="240" /></a></div><br /><br /></b></span></div>
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<b style="font-family: ebrima; text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #741b47; font-size: large;"><a href="https://engineerosaz.blogspot.com/2023/07/latest-current-prices-of-construction.html">Click here to see Prices of More Items </a></span></div></b></div>
Engr. Osaz'http://www.blogger.com/profile/10244770501812834709noreply@blogger.com195Lagos7.362466865535751 4.5703125-23.424413134464249 -36.7382815 38.149346865535747 45.8789065tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6614398147465148927.post-64459004415235371722024-01-07T21:28:00.000-08:002024-01-07T21:28:34.345-08:00Latest (Current) Prices of Construction Materials Contd. (2024) October -Engr. Osaz' Blog<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><div><span style="font-family: "ebrima"; font-size: 12pt;">Keeping you up-to-date, your first choice contractor and construction partner, </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><a href="mailto:engineerosaz@gmail.com"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "ebrima"; font-size: 12pt;">Engr. Osaz</span></b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "ebrima"; font-size: 12pt;">'</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "ebrima"; font-size: 12pt;"> brings you the current prices of nearly all building materials available in Nigerian markets.</span><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "ebrima"; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><span style="font-family: "ebrima"; text-align: center;">Prices are updated frequently. </span></div><div><br /></div></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">N.B: Prices listed here are very current. Although naturally prices vary from shop to shop, location to location and brand to brand. You will notice that we deliberately avoided the use of brand/trade names in our description, except for</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> a few items. The idea is not to give any brand a particular advantage over the other. Its ethics at work!</span></span></span></i><a href="https://engineerosaz.blogspot.com/2016/11/buildingconstruction-materials-price.html" style="font-family: ebrima; font-size: x-large; font-weight: 700;"> </a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://engineerosaz.blogspot.com/2016/11/buildingconstruction-materials-price.html" style="font-family: ebrima; font-size: x-large; font-weight: 700;">see prices of other materials here </a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="color: #741b47; font-family: "ebrima"; font-size: large; font-weight: bold;">21. PRICES OF PAINT (EMULSION. TEXCOTE, OIL-BASED, SATIN, MATT, ETC.)</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><div class="separator" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEg0Z3OsKzm3TL66VkLkJVT6zNYdB6m6k1DSaTP__kIygzxjZq3dRwe4DgUpycCRsTqzscZivY409tYdxFeDTyNMx5Apz-s9SIhTphgLfrWtpwNloFL1SBNM4_3Jj2iXAEx36meEYICbQdfWgh1CpVmr0_e--pwnEGfMeN5e3xpf2kZNYbEu7bY04RC_i534" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="174" data-original-width="226" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEg0Z3OsKzm3TL66VkLkJVT6zNYdB6m6k1DSaTP__kIygzxjZq3dRwe4DgUpycCRsTqzscZivY409tYdxFeDTyNMx5Apz-s9SIhTphgLfrWtpwNloFL1SBNM4_3Jj2iXAEx36meEYICbQdfWgh1CpVmr0_e--pwnEGfMeN5e3xpf2kZNYbEu7bY04RC_i534" width="312" /></a></div><span style="color: #741b47; font-family: "ebrima"; font-size: large; font-weight: bold;"><br /><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="color: #741b47; font-family: "ebrima"; font-size: large; font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="color: #741b47; font-family: "ebrima"; font-size: large; font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><span style="color: #741b47; font-family: "ebrima"; font-size: large; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: justify;">22. PRICES OF TERRAZO CHIPPINGS, STONE TILES AND ACCESSORIES</div></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div><span style="color: #741b47; font-family: "ebrima"; font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><img border="0" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-viQwO51qvOE/WC1DVHrG_nI/AAAAAAAAAhM/_5rS0E7i4qkRTWkZuhtAgYN8JdALU4r6wCLcB/s1600/1.PNG" /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><img border="0" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Zlb7JqdfR70/WC1Ec48X3EI/AAAAAAAAAhU/kmD0znOeVMgh0CMVfs1FbjZP53ZNOkEcwCLcB/s1600/1.PNG" /></div><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Zlb7JqdfR70/WC1Ec48X3EI/AAAAAAAAAhU/kmD0znOeVMgh0CMVfs1FbjZP53ZNOkEcwCLcB/s1600/1.PNG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><br /></a><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Zlb7JqdfR70/WC1Ec48X3EI/AAAAAAAAAhU/kmD0znOeVMgh0CMVfs1FbjZP53ZNOkEcwCLcB/s1600/1.PNG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><br /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="clear: left; color: #741b47; float: left; font-family: "ebrima"; font-size: large; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;">22. PRICES OF GLASS </span><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-piWuzmKCIRY/WC1Gr_oZ5KI/AAAAAAAAAhk/ICyTPCwUK6c4CPlTRQBACDi5vVBcX2C8ACLcB/s1600/1.PNG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><img border="0" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-piWuzmKCIRY/WC1Gr_oZ5KI/AAAAAAAAAhk/ICyTPCwUK6c4CPlTRQBACDi5vVBcX2C8ACLcB/s1600/1.PNG" /></span></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="color: #741b47; font-family: "ebrima"; font-size: large; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;">23. PRICES OF P.O.P AND P.O.P (PLASTER OF PARIS) MATERIALS</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="color: #741b47; font-family: "ebrima"; font-size: large; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-HKbDMfJCG1I/WC1LMrtN0oI/AAAAAAAAAhw/HV5IUaoLYTwq6NmCAGzpsuxkHhbT3FAYQCLcB/s1600/1.PNG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><img border="0" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-HKbDMfJCG1I/WC1LMrtN0oI/AAAAAAAAAhw/HV5IUaoLYTwq6NmCAGzpsuxkHhbT3FAYQCLcB/s1600/1.PNG" /></a><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-HKbDMfJCG1I/WC1LMrtN0oI/AAAAAAAAAhw/HV5IUaoLYTwq6NmCAGzpsuxkHhbT3FAYQCLcB/s1600/1.PNG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><br /></a><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-HKbDMfJCG1I/WC1LMrtN0oI/AAAAAAAAAhw/HV5IUaoLYTwq6NmCAGzpsuxkHhbT3FAYQCLcB/s1600/1.PNG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #741b47; font-family: "ebrima"; font-size: large; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;">24. PRICES OF FLOOR AND WALL TILES</span></a><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-HKbDMfJCG1I/WC1LMrtN0oI/AAAAAAAAAhw/HV5IUaoLYTwq6NmCAGzpsuxkHhbT3FAYQCLcB/s1600/1.PNG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #741b47; font-family: "ebrima"; font-size: large; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;"><br /></span></a><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-HKbDMfJCG1I/WC1LMrtN0oI/AAAAAAAAAhw/HV5IUaoLYTwq6NmCAGzpsuxkHhbT3FAYQCLcB/s1600/1.PNG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #741b47; font-family: "ebrima"; font-size: large; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;"> </span><img border="0" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Z3zSBKdi1uk/WC1gQmy5MGI/AAAAAAAAAiM/7XZC7PGCNKsrMHdMr3P7uCZSRBj-Fzx9gCLcB/s1600/1.PNG" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-iXCpd6o6cxs/WC1iYVyArvI/AAAAAAAAAiY/7TiLJUWPQsY3CrAqAjtD9EDT1vI4hsYawCLcB/s1600/1.PNG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><img border="0" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-iXCpd6o6cxs/WC1iYVyArvI/AAAAAAAAAiY/7TiLJUWPQsY3CrAqAjtD9EDT1vI4hsYawCLcB/s1600/1.PNG" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-GYwmp-A3WwE/WC1yd2mMZRI/AAAAAAAAAi0/o1cz3n1gZ9YeY87JRqRPJfAYRPfdnmVHgCLcB/s1600/1.PNG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><img border="0" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-GYwmp-A3WwE/WC1yd2mMZRI/AAAAAAAAAi0/o1cz3n1gZ9YeY87JRqRPJfAYRPfdnmVHgCLcB/s1600/1.PNG" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Uuo4oMzB9ks/WC_1Z_NVE_I/AAAAAAAAAjM/7ZxDyWDrRXAIztqPaCoV1ROZW86ofF4XwCLcB/s1600/1.PNG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><img border="0" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Uuo4oMzB9ks/WC_1Z_NVE_I/AAAAAAAAAjM/7ZxDyWDrRXAIztqPaCoV1ROZW86ofF4XwCLcB/s1600/1.PNG" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-TseYKnIpHic/WDBExbJR4OI/AAAAAAAAAjc/RvJitDPmJpEGlyU9pWoxTLbLdZja4u5wwCLcB/s1600/1.PNG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><img border="0" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-TseYKnIpHic/WDBExbJR4OI/AAAAAAAAAjc/RvJitDPmJpEGlyU9pWoxTLbLdZja4u5wwCLcB/s1600/1.PNG" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-peLdMeZI1iA/WDFC8JDBZWI/AAAAAAAAAj4/XyQYbKbVO9Udyp6Kq2CtiXvIcAEaYwhxgCLcB/s1600/1.PNG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><img border="0" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-peLdMeZI1iA/WDFC8JDBZWI/AAAAAAAAAj4/XyQYbKbVO9Udyp6Kq2CtiXvIcAEaYwhxgCLcB/s1600/1.PNG" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><img border="0" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-nO3RknGF6-s/WEkgvEMdv_I/AAAAAAAAAmc/hzSVdsIZI-wEsTJsnlYtQ-5-gZm6rHk9ACLcB/s1600/1.PNG" /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><img border="0" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-NKsagG_53I0/WEkiI1YD4nI/AAAAAAAAAmo/bImTJCEqX8Ebn_XKfiHKkrIcdhiR_brTgCLcB/s1600/1.PNG" /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><img border="0" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-HNwbvMZJC_w/WEkkoUEKGjI/AAAAAAAAAm0/xvrqqdSagW0A3pJq_3C9h33sxwUAh2xoACLcB/s1600/1.PNG" /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><img border="0" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-bVApmECDyl0/WEk5GxSONEI/AAAAAAAAAnE/GVMpQCv4hHwiXZYncODDI1GmJjirkcNUQCLcB/s1600/1.PNG" /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="color: #741b47; font-family: "ebrima"; font-size: large; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="color: #741b47; font-family: "ebrima"; font-size: large; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;">25. PRICES OF ROOFING SHEETS (CORRUGATED ZINC, ASBESTOS, ALUMINUM AND STONE-COATED ROOFING SHEETS) AND ACCESSORIES</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="color: #741b47; font-family: "ebrima"; font-size: large; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-7GtUc_PA-20/WE7XyxcZ_dI/AAAAAAAAApU/__4kOWHg0rsujpJd4VPjlYWr1_VOlZy8QCEw/s1600/1.PNG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-7GtUc_PA-20/WE7XyxcZ_dI/AAAAAAAAApU/__4kOWHg0rsujpJd4VPjlYWr1_VOlZy8QCEw/s1600/1.PNG" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><img border="0" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-yeLwYR9FRTQ/WElXBnE4v_I/AAAAAAAAAnY/rBDrHkVlxcYS0WdlkdIAHB2Ah95Y6xrvACLcB/s1600/1.PNG" /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><img border="0" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-oCgD16SarU0/WE7TPUfS8kI/AAAAAAAAApM/TaZ40Bd8RFkxMb0U_h70ASTK2QycQwPEwCLcB/s1600/1.PNG" /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="color: #741b47; font-family: "ebrima"; font-size: large; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><img border="0" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Fzx5MrAGJYo/WE7Q-V4kLTI/AAAAAAAAApA/o_HER71agbkBOAC4F5sl8ZKylpgnqo62ACLcB/s1600/1.PNG" /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="color: #741b47; font-family: "ebrima"; font-size: large; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><img border="0" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-7GtUc_PA-20/WE7XyxcZ_dI/AAAAAAAAApU/om5z7SImwgkb21DrtLn_jCP5fpf_fUROgCLcB/s1600/1.PNG" /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small; text-align: justify;">Don't keep this information to yourself.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small; text-align: justify;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small; text-align: justify;">Always mention to your friends that you got these prices, costs or values</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small; text-align: justify;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small; text-align: justify;">exclusively from </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small; text-align: justify;"> </span><b style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: justify;">Engr. Osaz's blog</b><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small; text-align: justify;">.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small; text-align: justify;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small; text-align: justify;">You can save snippets on this page and share with your suppliers when you negotiate. </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small; text-align: justify;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small; text-align: justify;">Thank you and Success on your project!</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small; text-align: justify;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><img border="0" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ZXfNLf8rrVI/WE7iA7O-QOI/AAAAAAAAApk/OaoggEbB-Y8Cg3XuDQeMm3dYQ-Exsbg_gCLcB/s1600/1.PNG" /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="color: #741b47; font-family: "ebrima"; font-size: large; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><img border="0" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-xWCXVsUtzVQ/WE7lAARdHtI/AAAAAAAAApw/7CkCBlFnlgQEhs86a2WVv8zvXWZtEKX2QCLcB/s1600/1.PNG" /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-3sz3q66shrY/WE7oj9PL2vI/AAAAAAAAAp8/Bxkc3tkD2koEW0U-c2nido6uXQCapVzHgCLcB/s1600/1.PNG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-3sz3q66shrY/WE7oj9PL2vI/AAAAAAAAAp8/Bxkc3tkD2koEW0U-c2nido6uXQCapVzHgCLcB/s1600/1.PNG" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="color: #741b47; font-family: "ebrima"; font-size: large; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="color: #741b47; font-family: "ebrima"; font-size: large; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;">26. PRICES OF CEILING FINISHING MATERIALS </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="color: #741b47; font-family: "ebrima"; font-size: large; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;">(ASBESTOS, CELOTEX, PLASTER BOARD, ALUMINUM CEILING, PVC CEILING BOARDS, PRECAST P.O.P ETC)</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><b><br /></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><img border="0" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-JKmpEm77GEE/WFEFK-WRq1I/AAAAAAAAArM/WGx6hNd8qEsO4UghJgW5llVBaCPcPILiACLcB/s1600/1.PNG" /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-pNgSk3GMK0Q/WFEGa91M-ZI/AAAAAAAAArY/bihNSS0-tNwL5lxxs3ZRxBX6cR4Qq-3QQCLcB/s1600/1.PNG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-pNgSk3GMK0Q/WFEGa91M-ZI/AAAAAAAAArY/bihNSS0-tNwL5lxxs3ZRxBX6cR4Qq-3QQCLcB/s1600/1.PNG" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-iP1acqv6O8A/WFEOk9lt6YI/AAAAAAAAAro/rwfI02K1HwAOdWB3YQNFsg0jhg6TnL8yACLcB/s1600/1.PNG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-iP1acqv6O8A/WFEOk9lt6YI/AAAAAAAAAro/rwfI02K1HwAOdWB3YQNFsg0jhg6TnL8yACLcB/s1600/1.PNG" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><b><br /></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Mc0XFWi1Cv0/WFD8FMVlfjI/AAAAAAAAAqo/8R4Ygx_YOYQwW4nFHNKM0z34ZsP3-8zSQCLcB/s1600/1.PNG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Mc0XFWi1Cv0/WFD8FMVlfjI/AAAAAAAAAqo/8R4Ygx_YOYQwW4nFHNKM0z34ZsP3-8zSQCLcB/s1600/1.PNG" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><img border="0" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-XzhIAGGYKO8/WFD8uXKb0pI/AAAAAAAAAqs/9435I73gdy8DPmRuG93RX0ZDQdJRzvotQCLcB/s1600/1.PNG" /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Prices of plumbing materials, tanks, upvc pipes, fittings, wc, bath, jacuzzi, shower, sink, valve, tap, Tee, bend, reducing bend, sockets, plugs, etc</span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><img border="0" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-2Ve9aOLrGtI/WF1Ar8yvI2I/AAAAAAAAAyE/fYGUJEH2XBslE_atG-_kjAwuVV_HLeoKACLcB/s1600/1.PNG" /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">>>> Read Epic Testimony from blog user: </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">You have no idea what you've done in my life. That site of yours (http://engineerosaz.blogspot.com) have done a lot. I get current prices of materials once i open your website "engineerosaz". My builder is not happy with u at all. Lol </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">I really appreciate it. Now i feel good living here in Canada and having a project back home is worth it. See screenshot below;</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><img border="0" height="256" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-SmN86WlPk9o/WFkgoc3xq-I/AAAAAAAAAxQ/hS6zfB9vF4Aqnn6SXivUOu6Wzq9mkQ6agCLcB/s640/1.PNG" width="640" /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><img border="0" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-8_ExGtg-Woc/WF1DVEhaB-I/AAAAAAAAAyQ/yNGU0cqWub4r-L29Jll3lbO5qAy4rPt0gCLcB/s1600/1.PNG" /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><img border="0" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-kIbNQf9pkJo/WF1FHO6LFWI/AAAAAAAAAyg/5WZ8TkFrK_o12OVt3RkxzMNpNm602NHRQCLcB/s1600/1.PNG" /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><img border="0" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-oe-Vg2SCQ1Y/WF1Ly6H5J0I/AAAAAAAAAy4/UWBbQqgLaX4lAL9wWScmCSsqi-C9hQ5kwCLcB/s1600/1.PNG" /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><img border="0" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-rmx99umhfho/WF1TgoJxNII/AAAAAAAAAzY/Hx4TOxTqDXMxRuH8uql_pc-sgZLKYy3dgCLcB/s1600/1.PNG" /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-PrC0a7i1eQs/WF1bsnxioaI/AAAAAAAAAz0/iQIdLVpmmv8L2_pJAncbmFfT7Xr4f8xUQCLcB/s1600/1.PNG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-PrC0a7i1eQs/WF1bsnxioaI/AAAAAAAAAz0/iQIdLVpmmv8L2_pJAncbmFfT7Xr4f8xUQCLcB/s1600/1.PNG" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><img border="0" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-eojsFR5-5ps/WF1ZE3t8UZI/AAAAAAAAAzo/rr9udTG6HXwGXkWhy6PGUjzbHYjS8aoAgCLcB/s1600/1.PNG" /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><img border="0" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-gwJCHE5ZLec/WF1cu_vWijI/AAAAAAAAA0E/ilFLNU1ff_YiqrGKu1i1yVQREUNizq31QCLcB/s1600/1.PNG" /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><img border="0" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-ijC37tM5Yn8/WF1eI3lW_wI/AAAAAAAAA0U/ReOHvJbThIYqYIsl7UEoH5IqdcXdvgrQACLcB/s1600/1.PNG" /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><img border="0" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-1mOjRA4aEY0/WF1g2NcAkbI/AAAAAAAAA0o/A825mIauH-YdXqlnLzKRQNgxKM7EDxU3QCLcB/s1600/1.PNG" /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><img border="0" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-r7A11lHwnzU/WF1iJ6rKumI/AAAAAAAAA04/jdAoaqL7OskOlXYts3wAWmQjdkozvDOdACLcB/s1600/1.PNG" /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><img border="0" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-vAqOdZ1_1S0/WF1j2Go_C1I/AAAAAAAAA1E/5gudmNrUdcACVh93CK9UoUVES5lNFw8JwCLcB/s1600/1.PNG" /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><img border="0" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-RJvC7oRy4xU/WF1nwV4kpEI/AAAAAAAAA1U/Ulqf7UaPxK431XQGgNdo1abhVxdNLsPfgCLcB/s1600/1.PNG" /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><img border="0" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-CfWE2XkdO4Y/WF1o3eIBcpI/AAAAAAAAA1c/9hpgEieolaMMZIW4kvmacECE_oc8E77XwCLcB/s1600/1.PNG" /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><img border="0" data-original-height="409" data-original-width="521" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-jd4uyHFOzwE/Wnb3dPLxUlI/AAAAAAAABtg/UZBhEbc3htUP1cHXUqIPtDQa1BDvB3SNQCLcBGAs/s1600/1.PNG" /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><img border="0" data-original-height="414" data-original-width="517" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-0wZyc6udz-A/Wnb3yPOWVrI/AAAAAAAABtk/ZNMtL_i5rNIIRkRJ-PDi-gWtPSw3EzjWQCLcBGAs/s1600/1.PNG" /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><img border="0" data-original-height="412" data-original-width="524" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-IcGtL3zvtws/WncGUcGRbqI/AAAAAAAABt0/lCVIZ8_KP4k86fPMRTSPq8Zbp7-yTtbQQCLcBGAs/s1600/1.PNG" /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><img border="0" data-original-height="407" data-original-width="522" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-YodRC5Q6aIk/WncJpbplgbI/AAAAAAAABuA/BDSrS3k3GrkNCsUzQr3kzpnDutfsTz2wQCLcBGAs/s1600/1.PNG" /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><b>The list is endless.....</b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><i><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt;">Generally, rates here may or may not include the integral cost of transportation, lifting and/or installation.</span></i></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><b style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><span style="color: #134f5c; font-family: georgia;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><div><span style="font-family: ebrima; font-style: italic;"><br /></span></div><i><div><i><span style="font-family: "ebrima"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">We hope you know manufacturers and distributors reserve the right to change prices without notifying us but such changes will appear on the list once verified and in the shortest possible time. You also know that suppliers are in business to make profit. Take note that prices here may not necessarily reflect supplier's profits. </span></i></div></i><div><br /></div><i><div><i><span style="font-family: "ebrima"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">If you are aware of any change in price that has not reflected, kindly notify us by indicating in the comment box. We will verify and publish accordingly.</span></i></div></i><div><span style="font-family: ebrima; font-style: italic;"><br /></span></div><div><br /></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div><br /></div>Engr. Osaz'http://www.blogger.com/profile/10244770501812834709noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6614398147465148927.post-80586309662828969432024-01-07T21:27:00.001-08:002024-01-07T21:27:59.321-08:00Current Construction Workers' Labour Rates in Nigeria (January 2024) <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Engr. Osaz', Nigeria's foremost construction blogger keeps you up-to-date with the current labour rates for the construction industry across Nigeria.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: georgia;">These rates were carefully drafted based on current market realities, deep research and wide consultations. </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: georgia;">We hope you know that it is not within our powers to determine what any worker earns or how companies pay their construction workers. Therefore these rates only serve as a guide. We are always updating them from time to time.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: georgia;">Generally, 1 day = 8 hours of work and an hour of break in a 9-hour stretch</span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: georgia;">Site Work normally resumes 8:00am and close 5:00pm </span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: georgia;">Half Night Duties = 6:00pm - 11:00pm with 30 minutes break.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: georgia;">Full Night Duties = 8: 00 pm - 5:00 am with an hour break</span></b></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7K9tTMQoEIIeqsS9SLRT70qplTMxGWftpGhShQGGfZsy41Nhgd4fvbZ9dCTqaXHeO8AE3GGSzqDCUoB9lzRg9amULxaUh4V2-Sut6o1MnAAMynHGIjLpA7dYSVcgLj7heSmVJ9gP2wvWO8weSx5CklHwXGqeoXW1H4u2zq2ezpBC_7LjLLof96uCWV-b6/s582/OSAZ'%20ENOBAKHARE%20WORKMANSHIP%20INDEX%201.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="582" data-original-width="452" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7K9tTMQoEIIeqsS9SLRT70qplTMxGWftpGhShQGGfZsy41Nhgd4fvbZ9dCTqaXHeO8AE3GGSzqDCUoB9lzRg9amULxaUh4V2-Sut6o1MnAAMynHGIjLpA7dYSVcgLj7heSmVJ9gP2wvWO8weSx5CklHwXGqeoXW1H4u2zq2ezpBC_7LjLLof96uCWV-b6/s16000/OSAZ'%20ENOBAKHARE%20WORKMANSHIP%20INDEX%201.PNG" /></a><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjj_kLW41U3g4F4VzhCNdBHn2FTrylG49yorjOjziGPj9PNtdtyqJN35ydJ-6Z3qSt4rX2-bpH-0YDuGx0jiM9cTF0pTRqun2F1vdzorBg3w83TlQmpipL85dAMRqTf-Mn6a5NNjjH3LO7_5qYwUYkwHbarn75UqoG4ZwlnBLz3nGJHGSgpwIOhv7IKOKPF/s579/OSAZ'%20ENOBAKHARE%20WORKMANSHIP%20INDEX%202.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="579" data-original-width="452" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjj_kLW41U3g4F4VzhCNdBHn2FTrylG49yorjOjziGPj9PNtdtyqJN35ydJ-6Z3qSt4rX2-bpH-0YDuGx0jiM9cTF0pTRqun2F1vdzorBg3w83TlQmpipL85dAMRqTf-Mn6a5NNjjH3LO7_5qYwUYkwHbarn75UqoG4ZwlnBLz3nGJHGSgpwIOhv7IKOKPF/s16000/OSAZ'%20ENOBAKHARE%20WORKMANSHIP%20INDEX%202.PNG" /></a></div></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small; text-align: justify;">Don't keep this information to yourself.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small; text-align: justify;"> Always refer colleagues and other persons to my blog.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small; text-align: justify;"> Thank you and Success on your project!</span></div>Engr. Osaz'http://www.blogger.com/profile/10244770501812834709noreply@blogger.com57tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6614398147465148927.post-23963987383007212312022-09-17T13:29:00.001-07:002022-09-17T13:31:30.720-07:00UNDERPINNING OPERATION: ANOTHER BUILDING COLLAPSE AVERTED -Engr. Osaz' Enobakhare<p>UNDERPINNING OPERATION: ANOTHER BUILDING COLLAPSE AVERTED <span style="text-align: right;">by Engr. Osaz' Enobakhare</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;">In my decade of practice, I have seen that most buildings or structures that have been poorly built across the country have been those that suffered from either owner-contractor syndrome (OCS), the multi-contracting approach or the sentimental management model. This prevails due to the absence or lack of enforcement of an effective regulatory system for the industry. While owner-contractor syndrome simply refers to the system where the project owner who is not a construction professional doubles as the contractor or the direct handlers of their project or directly overbears on the activities of the project handlers, the multi-contracting approach happens when project owners engage too many hands on the job without proper co-ordination or construction management system in place. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">The sentimental approach is very common especially with project owners based abroad where they are either by virtue of personal relationships or other reasons than merit or professionalism compelled to engage persons in the handling of their project who simply have no business doing so -the outcome is quite often a mess! You hear things like -My in-law or my cousin was the one handling my project, then you discover the in-law or cousin being referred to is only a stylist, a banker or perhaps a travel agent. Yes ‘trust issues’, I can relate but then the building begins to strike an awkward pose causing funny stares from passers-by, the columns seem to be ‘travelling away’ from the building frame, the bulging walls make people wonder if money was stacked inside them and suddenly you remember that a professional broker is not the same as a professional builder and that construction professionals are just few blocks away.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.heavenscontractors.com" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"><img border="0" data-original-height="581" data-original-width="1032" height="226" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXuAoxNd2za9I0Hzm46vnXCy7Fb48y5Ae7m3vYp0XbM2GoIjp5ZMOqM3UDdjbhWn2PEqfmULyRkzPM7QEGZzvAny-Hs2wlUUR1xGM9s7wbIEG52pp2R-a1eg7EQnkGHwGoHef6qbMzCyPxLMGdntbyHGv4l_Vt5gD1U64BVsHIZ4rkKalxsR2jRc4fbg/w370-h226/IMG-20220202-WA0014.jpg" width="370" /></a></div><p style="text-align: justify;">Having been involved with a couple of underpinning operations to save buildings from imminent collapse or sick building syndrome (SBS), these aforementioned items are often the predominant causes of poor-quality jobs that liter our landscape. Since the deed have been done, we cannot be crying over spilt milk. There are quite several buildings begging for urgent attention before they finally ‘bow to the cold hands of collapse’. What do we do? We save them like we have done in Ketu, Gbagada, Lakowe, Victoria Island, Lekki, Ajah, Magodo, Arepo etc. How about you know that sometimes these building begin to fail or show signs of weaknesses or symptoms of SBS even before they are completed or occupied? This is often the best time to solve them. Once occupied there is another dimension to it, but it can still be done. Differential, tipping or excessive settlements are common issues with most of the defective buildings I have worked on, and my team and I have dealt successfully with all cases handled. In all, we have saved several lives and properties or investments worth millions of dollars. Before embarking on the structural salvation journey, it is important to first understand and appreciate the root cause of the defect so that you know the right approach to solving it.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpd13DcGNxvzlooO4pwAVkfsJngJBWdAqySMWLR4HUGHQ1wF7y9LBZAlwHDlD-JFExQ55vREN2SRmZawhhMQYY-cSxF2KD3Dy-Z6c4BQnIeYPSXtTKAYbe50FDtRHS7MgYlM82ZbSA4rR6zeFXwhvFIVUddQECDvXaA_uuNU-Azw4kRWD1ZA4lShy2bA/s1152/IMG-20220203-WA0009.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1152" data-original-width="864" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpd13DcGNxvzlooO4pwAVkfsJngJBWdAqySMWLR4HUGHQ1wF7y9LBZAlwHDlD-JFExQ55vREN2SRmZawhhMQYY-cSxF2KD3Dy-Z6c4BQnIeYPSXtTKAYbe50FDtRHS7MgYlM82ZbSA4rR6zeFXwhvFIVUddQECDvXaA_uuNU-Azw4kRWD1ZA4lShy2bA/w377-h320/IMG-20220203-WA0009.jpg" width="377" /></a></div><p style="text-align: justify;">Underpinning operations require expertise, and a defective building can be returned to normalcy to meet its original life span. The cost of underpinning is generally not as expensive as demolishing and putting up a new structure and flip and sell developers can see an opportunity here -few are already taking advantage of it but that’s a discussion for another day.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Experienced Top Building Contractor in Nigeria, Click <a href="http://www.heavenscontractors.com" target="_blank">here</a></p>Engr. Osaz'http://www.blogger.com/profile/10244770501812834709noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6614398147465148927.post-86927943635619566542022-09-16T14:13:00.000-07:002022-09-17T14:16:22.693-07:00WHY THE SUDDEN FIXATION ON FLIP AND SELL PROPERTIES IN NIGERIA?<p> Why The Sudden Fixation on Flip and Sell Properties In Nigeria? - Osaz' Enobakhare </p><p><br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><i>If wishes were houses, tenants would lord.</i></p><p style="text-align: justify;">If you live where I live, you are likely to have one or two old or ‘moribund’ buildings on your street and sometimes you wish something could be done about them at least to improve their appearance; you may also worry about the health of the occupants, if occupied and for construction professionals like me, the health of the building itself.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">There is barely undeveloped land in the core city centers yet most people’s dream is to live and work there; even the communities in proximity are largely occupied and bare land is scare there too. When working from home doesn’t apply to you, the other cool option would be to work closer home. Before now there was a crave for working far from home, so you don’t get too familiar with your work environment and become bored. You want to drive or ride through different routes or use the public transport systems while you enjoy the scenery as you travel to and from work on workdays -there seem to be a special inspiration or spice that comes from/with it. Today the cost of living is on the rise, not often commensurate with income levels, and people are very weary of spending large chunk of their income on transportation; then the other risk factors and if you live in a city like Lagos, the unpredictable and seemingly unexplainable and frustrating traffic. <span style="text-align: left;">Smart developers are catching in on these opportunities to flip old houses and sell them to the teeming population who still want to live very close to where the good paying jobs are -the city centers because the interests in those properties are often more direct and thus easily closable than in areas where there are a lot of options.</span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.heavensbeautiful.dev" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="430" height="303" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMrxNUUiwwQX2NA7ovKxrZncj5PlyCtDG5zPC9jLecNe8cKZb5PPyV7D77Mi481flLEILhmjf08FqFhMS0Dims9LJuslndV-jAM06SK2-bXf1aRVjRz83IMQqIb4r05xpvSWnzfLT65i0O08XC2dL5X3mlvCYNuoQBJAJWa4_AFxD3T83flFkLl1NpRw/w387-h303/FLIP%20AND%20SELL.PNG" width="387" /></a></div><p style="text-align: justify;">Another reason developers are keen on the flip and sell model these days is the shorter time of completion of such projects especially at a time when the cost of financing is high. If you are lucky to find one that won’t require you to demolish the entire structure, bravo! You can complete in few months and sell at an incredible price. The cost of renovating or remodeling an existing building is generally far lower than building from scratch. It is also faster and cheaper, from experience to process a renovation permit than a building permit. Having been directly involved in flip and sell projects from scratch, I can tell you for sure that after completion it is almost impossible to tell that those buildings were once old and dilapidated -that’s if you work with the right team. We have flipped a very dilapidated abandoned residential building into a very classy and highly functional hotel in Lagos in barely six months that sold for more than double the cost involved in purchasing and flipping it. Investors can buy defective buildings at relatively cheap ‘distress sale’ price in sweet locations and flip them into spectacles to behold -sold off before they are even completed.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.heavenscontractors.com" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="810" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRohKwYIttdxbOmk0XgmjU1RGlklrQlQCSfBhPttlCqTSrakJl4NqtD64HyLFWgIv7z0u5RRT6YNuM5qDnI6EI8jTJtlj3zCutGsrXl5s8TbcKHyWDljmXOetSAZMGpWjNcaGqoiTeLeJ6y0Jk9I6kh5vsB3UV15_e_hMtZ3GS_ovgRROFaHz2HAffRQ/w357-h320/WhatsApp%20Image%202021-12-03%20at%202.00.23%20PM.jpeg" width="357" /></a></div><p style="text-align: justify;">Furthermore, an operation called ‘underpinning’ can help strengthen an existing foundation by adding weight to it or taking it to a more stable depth without having to demolish the building and it doesn’t really cost as much as demolishing the building and putting up a new structure. This way you can take advantage of the newly strengthened foundation to add a floor or two to an existing building as the structural strength permits but you must engage a professional structural engineer especially one with such expertise. Developers understand that an increase in the number of floors or units normally translates to an increase in the property value.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.sweetieshotel.com" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="1024" height="291" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAM8XnM-3oDuSym7F8mB9ol_VubCtayDF_MGOU15_YBXeyETq6Pe1SRJps0bvdquQ200ugmdb3TqPMTGHM9BqnUq9Yzu62886wOaxIrQ4zXRYKLTs9QWS5eQZygsikOAVGbnrA4WJUtzEgH6nd1b4dKRSevHvJBDNCB9xEPqMS2pBkNEe3-z0ZFaHoZA/w374-h291/WhatsApp%20Image%202021-12-03%20at%202.01.49%20PM.jpeg" width="374" /></a></div><p style="text-align: justify;">In Lagos for instance, while you sleep, flip-and-sell properties are springing up in Oworonshoki, Surulere, Yaba, Ikoyi, Lagos Island, Ikeja GRA, Ogudu, Omole, Oshodi, Magodo, Berger and environs because of their proximity to the commercial districts of Victoria Island, Lekki and Ikeja as applicable.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b><i>Osaz’ Enobakhare also manages real estate investment portfolios for foreign and local investors through or in partnership with his company -Heavens Group. He is open to more partnerships in real estate development across the world and opportunities to co-create large construction and real estate footprints in the metaverse. +2347001113333 / engineerosaz@gmail.com</i></b></p>Engr. Osaz'http://www.blogger.com/profile/10244770501812834709noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6614398147465148927.post-40967218169827884632018-12-14T00:24:00.002-08:002019-05-04T06:57:34.034-07:00How To Obtain Layout Approval And Building Plan Permit For Your Estate - Engr. Osaz’ ENOBAKHARE<br />
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<span style="font-family: "ebrima"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Having a Global C of O for an estate is not the
same as an approval for that estate as unsuspecting property shoppers are often
cajoled to believe. The Global C of O like every other land titles actually
pertains to the land not necessarily the structures or activities on that land.
Some estate owners are either unaware of this fact or choose to deliberately
ignore it thereby putting subscribers at a great financial and ownership risk. There
are reported cases where built-up Estates have been demolished due to lack of
estate layout approval and building permits and people have lost millions and their
beautiful homes. To secure a full estate layout approval and building permit
for your estate (especially in Lagos), follow these simple steps;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "ebrima"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Get a perimeter survey</span></b><span style="font-family: "ebrima"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> – a perimeter survey will capture the
distance round that estate from a reference point back to that point. It will
ultimately show the total area of the estate as well as the length, breadth and
overall shape of the estate land including adjourning features like roads,
water bodies, etc. The survey is prepared by a Land Surveyor. Traditionally all
survey plans are lodged at the office of the surveyor-general. In order to
regularize this survey, you will be required to pay certain processing fees;
part of which will be used to obtain the beacon sheet from the relevant office.
The perimeter survey is needed for the next stage which is to plot out the
estate layout.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "ebrima"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Plot the estate layout</span></b><span style="font-family: "ebrima"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> – every estate should have a layout.
This layout shows the entire positioning and arrangement of structures and
infrastructure on the estate land together with the topography and other
essential features. It is traditionally the function of a Town Planner to
prepare this document. The Estate Layout is different from an Estate Plan which
is prepared by an architect. In a typical layout drawing, you see various
blocks carrying different colors each having a distinct meaning. Medium-density
zones are so identified, so are low-density and high-density areas. The same
also applies to core residential zones, commercial and mixed areas. After
preparing the layout, the next phase will be to submit the layout for
government approval.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<img border="0" data-original-height="518" data-original-width="374" height="640" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-V_je4xyLR_k/XM2QySQPajI/AAAAAAAACDQ/F_t8DuCfKU4jU5LJ5jF4PmlORIPUgJSRQCLcBGAs/s640/ProjectSupervision.Ad.PNG" width="462" /><a href="http://www.heavenscontractors.com/" target="_blank">www.heavenscontractors.com</a></div>
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</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "ebrima"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Submit the layout drawings for
approval –</span></b><span style="font-family: "ebrima"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Once the
layout is submitted for approval, it goes through a process of scrutiny to
determine whether the purpose of use of the land is in sync with the already
established zoning requirement. The arrangement of spaces within the estate is
also checked for consistencies with established planning regulations in that
city. If there are discrepancies, it might not be approved. Occasionally, it is
returned for corrections or adjustments. If successful, the estate is now
officially recognized. Next line of action will be to apply for building
approval/permit. To get this process underway, you would have to prepare the
required designs.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "ebrima"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Prepare the architectural and
engineering drawings</span></b><span style="font-family: "ebrima"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
– You would have to engage a registered architect in preparing the
architectural drawings of the entire buildings in the estate. He would be
required to apply his/her ARCON stamp and seal to the drawings as so required.
Then the structural engineer will prepare the structural drawings. He would
present it along with a letter of supervision or engineering report where
applicable. A professional builder can also present a letter of supervision
with regards to building projects with his/her CORBON seal affixed. The other
engineering drawings are prepared by the relevant engineers usually the
Mechanical and Electrical Engineers. A comprehensive soil test report from
which the structural design would derive basic foundation design parameters
would also be required.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "ebrima"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Submit your building drawings for
approval </span></b><span style="font-family: "ebrima"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">- Armed
with all the relevant building drawings, signed, stamped and sealed, you
approach the planning authority to obtain approvals. You will be required to
pay processing and approval fees. In the course of this approval, all the
drawings would be scrutinized for consistencies with the relevant codes of
practice and statutory regulations. A physical inspection of the site would
also be carried out. The aim will be to compare the paper work with actual site
conditions. If satisfied, an approval will be given with an approval number
issued. Where the estate has been partially or fully developed prior to filing
for approvals, an engineering report will be required which will certify that
the buildings are fit for habitation after a non-destructive integrity test
‘’NDT’’ has been carried out. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "ebrima"; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">It is very important to obtain the layout and
building drawings and approvals for your estate in order to avert the risk of
losing your property. You can contact the author for further discussions.</span></div>
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Engr. Osaz'http://www.blogger.com/profile/10244770501812834709noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6614398147465148927.post-31257350943149430262018-12-14T00:15:00.001-08:002018-12-14T00:15:06.702-08:00Why It Is Important To Conduct A Soil Test (Investigation) Before Construction - Engr. Osaz’ ENOBAKHARE<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0.5in 0.0001pt 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Ebrima; font-size: 12pt;">Most structures are earth-laid and it’s in
your best interest to know what the earth feels about what you are about to
construct over it. If you really don’t care and the earth doesn’t feel good
about your ideas, you are heading for disaster. Investigating the condition of
the sub-soil upon which a structure will be built is a process that should not
be undermined and must be carried out diligently. Every building is supported
by a foundation, making it about the most important component of a building.
The foundation itself, no matter how strong could be unreliable if it does not
sit firm on the ground hence the need to understand where and how best to place
it.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Ebrima; font-size: 12pt;">The process of determining how the earth would
accommodate the foundation first begins with carrying out a sub-soil
investigation. It goes by the saying ‘what you don’t know can kill you’; for
instance, if you don’t know that at 1-metre depth the subsoil on your land is
too weak to support your proposed structure and you go ahead to place your
foundation there, the result is likely going to be disastrous. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Ebrima; font-size: 12pt;">Soil test for construction purposes, otherwise
referred to as sub-soil investigation is different from the process carried out
to test the biological and chemical properties of a soil in order to know if it
can accommodate the growth of certain plant species; ofcourse not! It actually
involves the physical examination of the soil from layer to layer to determine
its type, density, strength characteristics (bearing capacities), consolidation
potentials, rate of soil settlement, water table and other relevant data. This
information is useful to guide the structural Engineer in determining the most
suitable type of foundation to support the proposed structure, the most
suitable depth to terminate it and the overall design of the foundation. The
test also helps predict problems that may arise during and after construction and
how they can be properly dealt with.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Ebrima; font-size: 12pt;">Usually as the major scientific step before
construction, geotechnical information from soil investigation also helps in
determining a more reliable construction cost estimate for a proposed project. On
live projects, a simple soil investigation can influence a foundation design
that can put the cost of construction significantly in excess of what was
originally budgeted; hence the need to conduct a soil investigation before
arriving at any meaningful construction budget especially in a joint venture
(JV) or concession arrangement. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Ebrima; font-size: 12pt;">In Nigeria, a standard soil test report
prepared by geotechnical personnel is a pre-requisite for structural design
approval especially for buildings that consist of more than one floor. The most
common soil tests for building projects back here are the Dutch-Cone
Penetrometer Test (DCPT) and the Cone Penetrometer Test (CPT). While the former
is quite simple; can be concluded on-the-spot within a few hour and is mostly
useful for buildings not more than two-floors, in the latter a rig is deployed,
it is more comprehensive and would normally require laboratory analysis of
samples taken from site. It is standard practice to test at least two points per
plot of land for DCPT and at least one trial pit and borehole of CPT on the
same size of land. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Ebrima; font-size: 12pt;">A standard soil test report consists of a soil
profile showing the various layers of soil and their physical and geotechnical
characteristics. It would normally show the procedure adopted in the carrying
out the test together with graphical and numerical data both from on- the-field
results and those computed based on established empirical formulae. In the end,
the geotechnical personnel or structural engineer is able to ascertain whether
or not a shallow or deep foundation is okay to sustain the proposed structure.
Most report would enlist a range of suitable foundation types based on the
information available on the size and load characteristics of the proposed structure. </span></div>
Engr. Osaz'http://www.blogger.com/profile/10244770501812834709noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6614398147465148927.post-46566136793993014282018-12-14T00:04:00.001-08:002018-12-14T00:04:38.469-08:00Combining Raft And Pile Foundation On The Same Structure Can Save Cost - Engr. Osaz’ ENOBAKHARE <br />
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<span style="font-family: Ebrima; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Anything to reduce cost and still
maximize benefits goes in today’s world. Sometimes we find ourselves with only
a few options but we can still explore them. Unlike short bored piles,
constructing deep piles are normally expensive compared to raft foundations
because not only would the piles be installed using various machines or
equipment they usually will have large caps and beams constructed over and
connecting them respectively. Therefore when cost becomes an issue you can find
an acceptable way to run the race and win the prize. Where practically possible
and technically okay, a combination of two or more foundation types can be
adopted. In practice both raft and pile foundation can be used together on the
same structure to achieve a foundation that performs excellently under load and
still reduce overall cost and when you choose this option, there are several factors
to take into consideration.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Ebrima; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">For instance you intend to put up a
block of 8 flats on four floors; 2 flats per floor and your soil test report
allows you to combine pile and raft foundations dependently or independently without
necessarily specifying where either of the two should be used, you can in
agreement with your engineer/builder opt to use pile on one wing and raft on
the other. In other cases, project owners who intends to build semi-detached
duplex and bungalow together or semi-detached duplexes or terrace houses or
even two separate buildings lying side by side to each other can use a
combination of pile and raft foundations perfectly. The type of foundation
arrangement discussed here is not the same as combined Pile Raft Foundations
(CPRF) which is achieved by constructing raft over existing piles instead it is
about the use of two different foundation types in different locations on the
same building or buildings sitting close to each other on the same land.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However in any case, it is important to
follow the lead of the soil investigation before venturing. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Ebrima; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">To get the procedure right, basically obtain
a geotechnical report (soil test) to know the soil strata and bearing
capacities at various depths. Pre-inform the geologist or structural engineer
handling your soil test of the type of structure and your intention to combine
raft and pile foundation so they can compute various strength characteristics
in line with your option. A lot of technicalities are involved in the combination
of these two types of foundation especially for the same building but engaging
a professional structural engineer will make the work look very easy and the
resultant cost reduction is amazing! <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For
instance the interaction between both foundation elements and the subsoil to
achieve maximum functionality are primarily hinged on the characteristic pile
and base resistance to load and against settlement hence the foundation must
achieve resistance that is sufficient enough not to fail or settle excessively
or inordinately at any given time. Also, the internal and external bearing
capacities of both foundation elements which border largely on strength of
materials used and bearing pressures exerted on, by and around the foundation
respectively should be properly analyzed. If you get your procedure right you
would have cut some 20% off your foundation cost and that’s huge savings
especially on a large scale. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />Engr. Osaz'http://www.blogger.com/profile/10244770501812834709noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6614398147465148927.post-5644104839209557222018-12-13T23:56:00.000-08:002018-12-14T00:09:25.156-08:00Converting an Office Complex to an Enveloped Shopping Mall: Thinking Aloud!<br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: white; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-shading-themecolor: background1;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Converting an Office
Complex to an Enveloped Shopping Mall: Thinking Aloud!<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: white; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: white; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-shading-themecolor: background1;">Engr. Osaz’
ENOBAKHARE</span><span style="background: white; mso-shading-themecolor: background1;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "ebrima"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">As towns
metamorphose into cities and cities develop into mega cities, the quest to
create decent shopping malls continue to rise. The advantages a shopping mall
over a regular market is huge ranging from the presence of co-ordinated ample
parking spaces to giving shoppers the extra opportunity to shop and get
entertained at the same time</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">. Truly, </span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "ebrima"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 200%;">the ever soaring mall culture has made owning a mall a big
business not only in Nigeria but the world over. Most shopping malls have a
collection of shops, stores, restaurants, cinemas, services outlets (e.g.
e-banking outlets), etc. offering a wide range of affordable products and
services to a vast number of people in a more convenient ’cashless’ manner and
fit perfectly into densely populated residential as well as commercial areas. Modern
(enveloped) shopping malls class themselves higher than the traditional open
shopping complexes because of their envelope design that allows for central
cooling of all the shops or outlets throughout the day as well as proximity
advantage for quick shopping in the building. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Generally shoppers feel a sense of peaceful
ambience and safety in enveloped shopping malls than the traditional type.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "ebrima"; font-size: 11.5pt;">There
is still a huge shortage of enveloped shopping malls across towns and cities in
Nigeria and the demand is relatively high. Viral pictures taken and shared by
mall users during weekends and festive seasons which normally show crowd rush
only provide more evidence to this assertion.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75"
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</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "ebrima"; font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "ebrima"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 200%;">Recent
industry estimates have showed that the financial returns developers derive
from owning classy multi-occupier shopping malls are now scaling higher than
what obtains from an office complex of the same size in the same location. This
is forcing more and more developers to think aloud on converting existing office
buildings or spaces existing in shopping hotspots into ultra-modern shopping
malls. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "ebrima"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 200%;">Converting
an office building into an enveloped mall like other conversion projects would first
require that a thorough assessment is carried out on the building to identify
its load-bearing and non-load bearing components. Sometimes, it becomes
imperative to conduct an integrity test on the major structural components of
the building to ascertain their current strength parameters (especially if it
is an old structure) as naturally, shopping malls are designed to accommodate
more live loads due to heavy human traffic and movement of heavyweight goods
and furniture than typical office buildings. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<img border="0" data-original-height="629" data-original-width="388" height="640" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-B2HJJ-RiCXk/XBNlFpEN_bI/AAAAAAAAB6U/HG67QB_KQzACcpWrZ6zpsfSVqHk8gyRjACLcBGAs/s640/Projectsupervision.ad.PNG" width="394" /></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "ebrima"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 200%;">The
way office buildings are partitioned is quite different too, hence the need for
very detailed conversion architectural and engineering designs which may compel
the use of shoring techniques to reposition some load-bearing columns, beams
and walls.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Attention must equally be
given to the use of high quality aesthetic interior and exterior finishes as a
selling point. For enveloped malls, there is often the need to redesign and
reconfigure the entire lighting and cooling systems as well as the transport
mechanism within the building too. The conversion process demands paying
attention to a lot of details but once the mall is set, everybody smiles. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />Engr. Osaz'http://www.blogger.com/profile/10244770501812834709noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6614398147465148927.post-71081326143429541772018-07-16T07:44:00.001-07:002018-07-16T07:44:20.024-07:00Roofing: When The Roof Load Becomes An Issue - Engr. Osaz’ Enobakhare <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Ebrima; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">‘Wear the cap on whom it fits’ so the saying
goes. There is a lot of sense in this one and a real good line of thought
too. Although caps cannot stop you from
getting wet under the rain, your roof can. Caps are better worn on whom they
fit and so should roofs be. The passion for sky-scrapping roofs suddenly
envelope nearly all classes of players and participants in the built
environment back here and the aesthetic impression it gives to a building quickly
blindfolded many to its structural implications. Now some bungalows have roofs
that are five times as high as the building frame itself. Likewise, the crave for curvy, straight-stepped
and composite parapets built mostly of reinforced concrete made a mockery of
traditional wooden fascia that normally flushes with external asbestos ceiling that
was the norm up to the mid 90’s. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Ebrima; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Apart from preventing direct exposure to
external weather conditions, roofs are important structural elements of
buildings. They constitute a significant fraction of the entire load of the
structure and must be well designed so that they do not portend danger to the
overall strength and stability of the building. For instance, roofs are
designed to be structurally able to withstand wind loads (weight imposed on the
roof from wind pressure forces) and ice load too (in country where this is
applicable). Hence they have to be strong enough to perform these functions but
that should not mean that a roof should become too heavy. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Ebrima; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Some people do not take cognizance of the roof
load implication on the foundation to which it is transmitted and with time,
the roof load begin to take its toll on the foundation causing it to experience
excessive settlement or failure. The roof carcass and parapet are very integral
parts of the roof load that have heavy members. The combined load of a timber
roof carcass and parapet for a residential building can reach up to 1kN/sqM. That
is almost equivalent to 2 bags of 50kg cement on every square meter of the roof.
Now that’s a lot!</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Ebrima; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Ebrima; font-size: 12pt;">An overweight roof is often a disaster! It is
therefore generally advisable to reduce the load of the roof so as not to
impede on the structural efficiency of the building. To achieve this, the use
of light-weight yet rugged parapet fascia (e.g. wired polystyrene, aluminum,
etc.) as well as using light-weight roof carcass (like treated timber, light
steel, etc.) and fitting them in such a way as to deliberately reduce the weight
on the structure. Where reinforced concrete is to be used, light-weight
(aggregate-less) concrete with damp-proof membrane could be used. </span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Ebrima; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Ebrima; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Ebrima; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></div>
Engr. Osaz'http://www.blogger.com/profile/10244770501812834709noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6614398147465148927.post-67393095488696226322018-07-16T07:35:00.001-07:002018-07-16T07:35:10.632-07:00The Danger of open excavation near your foundation - Engr. Osaz' Enobakhare<br />
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<span style="font-family: Ebrima; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">There is naturally a danger of having an open
excavation anywhere at all; from being a dirt trap to becoming a death trap hence
protection of open excavation is a compulsory item in basic construction
practice. On typical construction sites, it is often the responsibility of the Safety
Engineer to enforce such vital regulation on site. They would go hard on any
worker who do not obey this regulation due to the numerous potential dangers;
but what happens when the site is now built up, handed over, the ‘dreaded’
safety Engineers are gone, and someone excavates close to the foundation and
leaves it open? No doubt, there is equally a latent danger in having an open
excavation near a foundation. Here is why –Foundations relate with the subsoil
on which they are built and around them by constantly pushing against the
active soil pressure in a relatively balanced manner in order to remain stable
throughout their life span. If there is a substantial counter balance from
either of the foundation itself or the supporting earth at any point, it will
impede on the stability of the foundation and might cause it to settle (or sink)
rapidly.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Ebrima; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The rapid settlement of some defective
buildings studied over the years is a result of fully or partially-open
excavation at close distance to the foundation. Open excavations up to 4-metres
from the foundation line can still affect your foundation depending on the soil
strata. When there is an excavation near a foundation, the active soil pressure
acting on the foundation at that region reduces, causing the soil to slip.
Subsequently when there is natural earth movement, it drops further, making the
foundation not to hold firm to the ground. If not checked on time, the vertical
load of the building acting on it would cause the building to settle at that
region and further apart. Although there is nothing particularly wrong in having
an excavation close to a foundation but care must be taken to ensure that the
walls of the excavated areas are protected or embarked to stay the adjourning
earth and prevent the devastating impact on the neighboring structure
especially if such structures are on shallow foundations (i.e. foundations of
5-metres or less in depth from natural ground level mostly raft, strip, pad,
etc.). Such impact could also include poor resistance against ground vibrations
and burrowing by small animals that may attack foundation walls. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Ebrima; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Reinforced Concrete can be used in protecting
the walls of an excavation close to a foundation but it is important to
construct them properly else they fail to serve the purpose intended. Where a
tree is fell close to a foundation, it is important to refill the excavated portion
and stabilize the earth firmly at that point. Leaving an open excavation close
to a foundation unattended to also allows it to collect surface water which
might constantly soak-away into the foundation and damage its fabric rapidly. This
is particularly the case where due to low water table a traditional ‘block’ strip
foundation was used. Whichever way it is advisable not to allow especially deep
open excavation close to your foundations to prevent foundation cracks and the
attendant regrets!<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />Engr. Osaz'http://www.blogger.com/profile/10244770501812834709noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6614398147465148927.post-1687327759813303172018-07-16T07:32:00.000-07:002018-07-16T07:32:36.403-07:00Pile Foundation: What Can Make A Pile Fail - Engr. Osaz’ ENOBAKHARE<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Ebrima; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Foundations are vital elements of earth-laid
structures because they support and transmit the entire load of that structure
to the earth. Of all foundation types, deep foundations are often considered
the safest and most appropriate especially where cost factor cannot be allowed
to take prominence. Pile foundations are the commonest of all deep foundation
types and they are very critical because of their depth and size; they are
relatively slender compared to the overall size of the structure and they go as
far below the natural ground level as where there is suitable bearing capacity
–reaching beyond 50-metres for some high-rise buildings. Piles with circular
cross-section are very popular in the industry and the usual width (or
diameter) lies between 300 – 600mm. In
Nigeria, reinforced concrete cast in-situ (bored) piles are common compared to
driven piles because it is considered less expensive. The cost involved in
driving a pre-cast reinforced concrete pile into earth is about a quarter times
higher than for cast in-situ piles and then the technicalities involved.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Ebrima; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Because piles are a sort of stand-alone
foundation and are mostly designed to carry very heavy loads, it is often
advisable to test their load bearing capacities before building over them. The
common tests for piles are the Pile Load (PLT) and Pile Integrity Tests (PIT).
These tests are not only relevant for the purpose of structural analysis; they
also provide useful information about the composition of the pile throughout
its length. The construction of pile foundations and testing of same are best
carried out by professional structural engineers. However, due to ignorance or
negligence, some project owners either outsource their piling works to random
borehole drillers who are mostly skilled in water works with little or no idea
on the dynamics of piles or do not carry out appropriate tests on their piles
even after taking such unreasonable risk. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Ebrima; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Shit happens and piles fail too. There are
many reasons why this occurs but of all, poor construction and faulty
arrangement of piles are the commonest. If a pile is not constructed properly,
for instance the mix ratio or provision for reinforcement in a reinforced
concrete pile is not in tandem with what was stated in the structural design;
the end result might be a weaker pile. Also, if the mix ratio is adequate but
the concrete was not properly loaded into the borehole, the pile may have sizable
gaps and pores and lines of weaknesses may result from it. Likewise if a pile
is designed as a friction pile but constructed as end-bearing, it might become surplus
to requirement. There are reported cases where deliberate attempts were made by
unscrupulous constructors not to reach the specified depth in a bid to cut corners.
This is not a healthy practice and might not help the pile reach its desired
strength. When constructing bored piles without casement and sufficient care is
not taken to avoid excessive backfilling before loading concrete, the result
might be a shorter or a soiled pile and that is not a good one. There are other
factors like faulty designs, poor supervision, poor mixing of concrete and the
use of sub-standard materials especially with regards to the tensile strength
of steel rebars, dirty aggregates and foul water etc. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Ebrima; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Ebrima; font-size: 12pt;">For driven piles, if the blow (hit) from the
pile hammer on the pile head generates excessive vibrations and stresses down
the pile, the pile may lose strength.</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Ebrima; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Ebrima; font-size: 12pt;">Pile
failures can be devastating to a structure as failure of a single pile can lead
to a partial collapse of a building, hence the need to build it right all the
time</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Ebrima; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
Engr. Osaz'http://www.blogger.com/profile/10244770501812834709noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6614398147465148927.post-27652792580737166872018-03-16T08:40:00.000-07:002018-03-16T08:40:01.907-07:00How To Construct Floating Helical Staircase In Buildings - Engr.Osaz' Enobakhare <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "ebrima"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">You can beat this only if you can.
It’s staircase on a whole new level – the floating helical stairs; with long
splay bearing and virtually no support in between. An amazing piece for style
and functionality; helical staircases can redefine a space and give it the
meaning and respect it truly deserves. There is not much of a big deal in the
construction of this fanciful type of staircase but if you miss it somewhere,
down it goes and it takes the user with it to the ground and that’s a disaster!
The rate of failure of helical stairs is known to be higher than several other
types of stairs and this is because they are mostly self-supporting or ‘floating’.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://heavensatwork.com/" target="_blank"><img border="0" data-original-height="443" data-original-width="574" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ifLvaAmI9lU/WqkD1dQNacI/AAAAAAAABus/QNRVRdMaabkjT7JLMT1vA0fcHB7nBlDDwCLcBGAs/s1600/capture.helical.png" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "ebrima"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "ebrima"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Helical stairs are made from several types of
materials, mostly reinforced concrete, metal, glass, timber or a combination of
any of these. Whichever primary material is used, the principle remains the
same. Most helical stairs are fixed at both ends with beams running from end to
end throughout the splay and the other sides into a load-bearing element which
transfers load from the thread on to the beams and then to the fixed ends.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "ebrima"; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "ebrima"; font-size: 12pt;">Essentially, stairs help as a transit line
from one floor/level in a building or structure to another. In order to
effectively perform this function; they must be strong and stable. They must be
able to support users well enough without excessive vibration and shear
throughout the effective life span of the structure. The finishes on stairs
should be non-slip and able to withstand various temperature changes, moisture,
impact, wear and tear, and provide good resistance to fire as they are preferred
over typical spiral stairs in cases of emergency. The expected traffic on a
stair technically affects its design; helical stairs designed for residential
buildings are quite different in structural design than those for public use.
For instance, the provisions for reinforcement will be at par with loading
requirements which are normally higher for public facilities than private ones.
Generally stairs are designed to be rigid.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "ebrima"; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "ebrima"; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "ebrima"; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "ebrima"; font-size: 12pt;">The process of constructing a reinforced
concrete helical stairs involves first carrying out a design where this has not
been done prior. The architectural design shows the form and pattern of the
stairs and guides in the construction of the formwork while the structural
design and analysis shows the provision for and arrangement of reinforcement as
well as required concrete mix.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "ebrima"; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "ebrima"; font-size: 12pt;">Next the base of the staircase is marked out
at the point of installation for cast in-situ and any given point within a work
area for pre-cast. The carpenter builds the formwork from end to end; supporting
them securely with props and bracing. In order to get the curves perfectly,
flexible plywood or thin sheets are used; attached to timber or steel frameworks
so they stay firm in position.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "ebrima"; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "ebrima"; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "ebrima"; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "ebrima"; font-size: 12pt;">Concurrently, the welder fixes the rebars in
place. For stairs in private residences, a provision of 4Y16 to 6Y16 top and bottom
and 10mm stirrups placed at 150 – 200mm centres for the beam on the longer
splay of the stairs or both sides as well as 12mm main and distribution
reinforcement for thread is common. The rebars in the stair are fixed at the
base and at the top landing area. In some cases it is also hinged to beams
built into walls along its path to ensure rigidity. Concrete of adequate mix is
poured into the formwork and left to set.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "ebrima"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
Engr. Osaz'http://www.blogger.com/profile/10244770501812834709noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6614398147465148927.post-7484559707610284092018-02-25T08:42:00.000-08:002018-02-25T08:42:06.710-08:00Estate Infrastructure: How to construct underground drainage channels - Engr. Osaz’ ENOBAKHARE<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.25in 0.0001pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: white; font-size: 14pt; text-align: right;"> </span></div>
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<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12.5pt;">The major function of drainage
systems on adjourning road is to convey surface water to a collection point. This
is to ensure that water is not allowed to collect on the road surface in order to
prevent rapid deterioration and inevitable damage. In addition they normally
serve to collect waste water from buildings along their path and transport them
to the point where they are either treated or dumped. Open drains are common on
our roads and streets back here, and unfortunately due to bad (environmental)
habits or practices of road users (commuters and passerby), these drainages
have become refuse collection channels creating serious blockage problems
especially during the rainy season. Constructing underground drainages have the
advantage of solving this problem and it generally hold sway as the most
efficient and long-lasting drainage type; making it the first choice for
developers who are concerned about efficient and cost-effective drainage
systems for their estates</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<img border="0" data-original-height="227" data-original-width="353" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-abyq7ATwPEI/WpLnGheYFXI/AAAAAAAABuM/BCpuEUyMuH4c9CYD4DqKWsffctpTPKo3wCLcBGAs/s1600/1.PNG" /></div>
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<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">In constructing
underground drainages, it is important to first study the terrain and slope
relative to the ends or final point of disposal; usually this is done by an
engineer or a surveyor using certain equipment e.g. leveling equipment. Then a
drainage design is developed using suitable software (e.g. HydroCAD). This design
although often undermined is very important because it reveals the sizes,
composition and position of all the elements of the drainage system (e.g.
Manhole, drain blocks, etc) in a very efficient manner based on the anticipated
water flow rates, pressure-forces, energy levels and other relevant factors within
the system at any given time. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">Then you pre-cast the
drainage blocks in a factory or yard on or off site. Reinforced concrete drainage
blocks are the commonest in town and reinforcing the blocks must be done in
accordance with the structural design in order for it not to fail at any time
within its estimated life cycle. Most fabricators are increasingly using spiral
distribution reinforcement in drainage blocks with circular cross-section. This
is believed to provide a better continuous longitudinal support against
tension. The drainage blocks are left for about two weeks to set and gain
strength before they are transferred to the point of usage by means of a truck.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Concurrently, setting-out is done on site and
points are marked out for all items in the drainage system. Afterwards trench excavation
is carried out to the required depth; usually about 2-metres. In case of ground
water, adequate effort is made to rid the trench of it, to allow for proper leveling
and compacting of the subsoil using a jumper rammer or a good substitute.
Depending on subsoil conditions, there may be a need to remove excess poor earth
and refill with hardcore and or sharp sand before compaction is done. A layer
of concrete blinding up to 75mm is then placed.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">The drainage blocks are
lowered to their individual points on ground with the aid of a crane and locked
into each other at open ends water-tightly and to manholes and other drainage
elements. Openings provided on the blocks as entry points are well connected to
the surface before the backfilling is done. In some cases, non-return valves and
wire filters are installed at those entry points. The earth-fill over and around
the blocks are well leveled and compacted to avoid surface depressions. Care
must be taken not to allow debris into the drain during construction to avoid
blockage. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">Signage is placed at
surface level to indicate that a drain passes underneath and that’s it!</span></div>
Engr. Osaz'http://www.blogger.com/profile/10244770501812834709noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6614398147465148927.post-46104570594696825282018-01-24T17:45:00.003-08:002018-02-25T08:43:17.975-08:00How To Construct A Slab Culvert Over a Drainage - Engr. Osaz' Enobakhare <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "ebrima";">How To Construct A Slab Culvert Over a Drainage</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "ebrima";">Engr. Osaz' Enobakhare</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "ebrima";">Lagos, Nigeria.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "ebrima"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Controlling flood is taking new
dimensions. Canal-like </span><b><span style="font-family: "copperplate gothic bold" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">‘V’</span></b><span style="font-family: "ebrima"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> drainages are taking root in many cities
across the country. The advantage of utilizing less quantities of concrete and
reinforcement than the regular drainage makes it cost less to construct and
relatively flexible. This type of deigns allows the drain to be supported largely
by the earth on its sides and bottom than its own weight. Most constructors of
this type of drainage use BRC Wire Mesh as the reinforcement material in the
concrete mass hence it is relatively light and not safe enough to support drain
covers. Although this types of drainage using wire mesh, if not constructed
properly are known to fail quickly under intense water pressure-forces. For this
reason building a culvert ‘bridge’ over them to allow passage of vehicles
become imperative so that the slab do not by any means bear on the drainage to
avoid collapse. But the design of slab-culverts is quite different from the
usual drain cover supported fully by the drainage because they would have to stand
alone. To get it right, you should engage a structural engineer in designing
the culvert which takes into account the expected load (or weight) the culvert
will bear par functionality. Culverts designed to largely support heavy
vehicles, trucks and trailers like those constructed to serve fuel/filling
stations, warehouses, heavy duty parking lots and major streets are quite
different from those constructed to support cars and light moving loads for
small residential apartments hence the special consideration given to
them. Generally in constructing
culverts, you have to;<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "ebrima"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "ebrima"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "ebrima"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Get
a structural design. Set-out the area to construct it by its sides on both
faces.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "ebrima"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "ebrima"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Excavate
the foundation trench to the recommended depth, usually beyond the depth of the
drainage. Ensure that trench excavation
is properly done so that the formwork can fit in properly. Let the trench be
wide enough up to 500mm to allow for clearance (or extra space) between the
earth and the formwork as well as the face of the drainage and the formwork. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "ebrima"; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><b> </b></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "ebrima"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Install
the formwork using timber (wood) or steel with adequate bracing. The formwork
should neither lean wholly on the drainage nor the earth so that it can be
removed once the concrete sets. Build the slab formwork together at once. Brace
the soffit (bottom) of the slab properly so it doesn’t collapse during
construction.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "ebrima"; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"> Look
up the structural design and fix reinforcement accordingly. Usually the
foundation is constructed as a solid raft (with main reinforcement and
distribution reinforcement spanning from bottom of the trench to the top in all
directions) and the slab is constructed like a beam (with top and bottom reinforcement,
up and down bound by stirrups) and fixed together, not like typical floor slab ‘mat’
in buildings.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "ebrima"; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"> Prepare and place
concrete of good mix into the formwork (depending on the strength requirement a
mix of 1:1.5:2 is normally recommended). With the aid of a poker vibrator,
vibrate the concrete in the formwork properly to avoid pores and void. Then
leave to set properly before detaching the formwork. Then you are good to go</span></div>
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Engr. Osaz'http://www.blogger.com/profile/10244770501812834709noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6614398147465148927.post-71164059840597192452018-01-23T13:25:00.000-08:002018-01-28T08:42:16.847-08:00Latest Cost Estimates of Building Projects in Nigeria 2018 (Osaz'Index)<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Based on popular request, your first choice contractor and construction partner,<b> <span style="color: #0b5394;"><a href="http://heavenscontractors.com/"><span style="color: #0b5394;">Engr</span>. <span style="color: #0b5394;">Osaz'</span></a></span></b> finally brings you the latest building design and construction cost index valid for towns and cities across Nigeria, sourced from priced bills of quantities/quotes of quite a number of completed and on-going private projects, and based on wide consultations with relevant industry stakeholders especially Contractors, Quantity Surveyors, Builders, Engineers and Architects.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">It is important to note that no two projects are exactly the same in scope and extent of work to be done and we</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> hope you also know that we do not reserve the right to determine what fees or bill any contractor or professional handling any project should charge a Client or Project Owner at any time, hence the figures displayed here</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> only serve to guide you so as to make informed decisions. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">This therefore doesn't give any contractor or project handler any particular advantage over the other as sources of estimates for this research remain confidential. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The cost parameters has been divided into three main categories - <b>Design, Structures & Services and Finishes</b>.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: center;"><b>Design - </b></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: center;">Architectural Drawings, Structural Design, Electrical Services, Mechanical Services Designs and other relevant working drawings.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b>Structures & </b></span><b style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: center;">Services</b><b style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"> </b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">- Foundation/Substructure works, Columns, beams, stanchions, floors, staircases, Lintel, arch, block/brick wall, steel panel wall systems (where applicable), roof carcass, roof covering, windows, doors, ironmongery, </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: center;">Plumbing and Electrical Installations </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">etc. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i style="font-family: "trebuchet ms", sans-serif;"><b><br />(The rough estimates for Structures & Services is based on the assumption that the parent wall material is made of reinforced concrete, block, brick or steel or a combination of any of them. It is also assumed that a soil test must have being carried out to determine the depth of suitable subsoil for foundation. Plumbing and Electrical installations doesn't include expensive gadgets like AC, Jacuzzi and Bath Cubicles. </b></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b>Finishes -</b>Wall Finishes, Floor Finishes, Ceiling Finishes, Fitting, Fixtures and related items of work.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i style="font-family: "trebuchet ms", sans-serif;"><b>Generally, costs of finishes are largely subjective and differ with individual tastes and preferences, therefore for the purpose of this Index the cost of finishes only represent the cost of regular finishes (i.e. cement-sand rendering, plastering, normal painting, fair quality wall and floor tiles, PVC ceiling or its equivalent etc). </b></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b>The rough estimates for External works </b>(e.g<b>. </b>Perimeter fencing, soak-away pit/septic tank. borehole, Interlocks or pavers, beautification, external security furniture, landscaping, etc) are not included anywhere in the list.</span><i style="font-family: "trebuchet ms", sans-serif;"> </i><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Because of the level of discrepancies observed in construction bills from location to location, handlers to handlers and with differences in designs and site conditions, it was only reasonable to present <a href="http://www.heavenscontractors.com/"><b><span style="color: #0b5394;">Osaz'Index</span></b></a> in a range value format as seen below.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">If you need clarification about any item listed here, <span style="color: #0b5394;"><b>askEngineerOsaz'</b></span>. </span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small; text-indent: -0.38in;"><b style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "trebuchet ms", sans-serif; text-indent: -0.38in;"><br /></b></span>
<b style="text-indent: -36.48px;"><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></b>
<b style="text-indent: -36.48px;"><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Rough Estimate of 1-Bedroom Apartment (Detached Bungalow)</span></b><br />
<span style="font-size: small; text-indent: -0.38in;"><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b style="text-indent: -0.38in;"><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Spaces: 1 Bedroom, 1 Living room, 1 Toilet/Bath, 1 Terrace, 1 kitche</span></b><b>n</b></span></span><br />
<b style="text-indent: -0.38in;"><span style="color: #351c75; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Max Building Area: 50sqM</span></b><br />
<b style="text-indent: -0.38in;"><span style="color: #351c75; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Max Height: 4m</span></b><br />
<b style="text-indent: -0.38in;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Soil Condition: Dry Land, Suitable subsoil within 5-metres depth</span></b><br />
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<b style="text-indent: -36.48px;"><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Rough Estimate of 1-Bedroom Apartment (Detached Bungalow)</span></b><br />
<span style="font-size: small; text-indent: -0.38in;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Spaces: 1 Bedroom, 1 Living room, 1 Toilet/Bath, 1 Terrace, 1 kitchen</span></b></span><br />
<b style="text-indent: -0.38in;"><span style="color: #351c75; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Max Building Area: 50sqM</span></b><br />
<b style="text-indent: -0.38in;"><span style="color: #351c75; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Max Height: 4m (Detached Bungalow)</span></b><br />
<b style="text-indent: -0.38in;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Soil Condition: Water-Logged Land, Suitable subsoil within 5-metres depth</span></b><br />
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<b style="text-indent: -36.48px;"><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Rough Estimate of 1-Bedroom Apartment (Semi-Detached Twin Bungalow)</span></b><br />
<span style="font-size: small; text-indent: -0.38in;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Spaces: 1 Bedroom, 1 Living room, 1 Toilet/Bath, 1 Terrace, 1 kitchen (Per Unit)</span></b></span><br />
<b style="text-indent: -0.38in;"><span style="color: #351c75; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Max Building Area: 120sqM</span></b><br />
<b style="text-indent: -0.38in;"><span style="color: #351c75; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Max Height: 4m (Detached Bungalow)</span></b><br />
<b style="text-indent: -0.38in;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Soil Condition: Dry Land, Suitable subsoil within 5-metres depth</span></b><br />
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<b style="text-indent: -36.48px;"><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Rough Estimate of 1-Bedroom Apartment (Semi-Detached Twin Bungalow)</span></b><br />
<span style="font-size: small; text-indent: -0.38in;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Spaces: 1 Bedroom, 1 Living room, 1 Toilet/Bath, 1 Terrace, 1 kitchen (Per Unit)</span></b></span></div>
<div style="text-indent: 0px;">
<b style="text-indent: -0.38in;"><span style="color: #351c75; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Max Building Area: 120sqM</span></b></div>
<div style="text-indent: 0px;">
<b style="text-indent: -0.38in;"><span style="color: #351c75; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Max Height: 4m (Detached Bungalow)</span></b><br />
<b style="text-indent: -0.38in;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Soil Condition: Water-logged Land, Suitable subsoil within 5-metres depth</span></b></div>
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<b style="text-indent: -36.48px;"><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Rough Estimate of 2-Bedroom Apartment (Detached Bungalow)</span></b><br />
<b style="text-indent: -0.38in;"><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Spaces: 2 Bedrooms, 1 Living room, 1 Ante-room,2 Toilet/Bath, 1 Visitor's Toilet, 1 Terrace, 1 kitchen</span></b><span style="font-size: small; text-indent: -0.38in;"></span><br />
<b style="text-indent: -0.38in;"><span style="color: #351c75; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Max Building Area: 180sqM</span></b><br />
<b style="text-indent: -0.38in;"><span style="color: #351c75; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Max Height: 4m (Detached Bungalow)</span></b><br />
<b style="text-indent: -0.38in;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Soil Condition: Dry Land, Suitable subsoil within 5-metres depth</span></b><br />
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<b style="text-indent: -36.48px;"><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Rough Estimate of 2-Bedroom Apartment (Detached Bungalow)</span></b><br />
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<span style="font-size: small; text-indent: -0.38in;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Spaces: 2 Bedrooms, 1 Living room, 1 Ante-room, 2 Toilet/Bath, 1 Visitor's Toilet, 1 Terrace, 1 kitchen</span></b></span></div>
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<b style="text-indent: -0.38in;"><span style="color: #351c75; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Max Building Area: 180sqM</span></b></div>
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<b style="text-indent: -0.38in;"><span style="color: #351c75; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Max Height: 4m (Bungalow)</span></b><br />
<b style="text-indent: -0.38in;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Soil Condition: Water-Logged Land, Suitable subsoil within 5-metres depth</span></b></div>
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<b style="text-indent: -36.48px;"><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Rough Estimate of 2-Bedroom Apartment (Semi-Detached Twin Bungalow)</span></b><br />
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<span style="font-size: small; text-indent: -0.38in;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Spaces: 2 Bedrooms, 2 Living rooms, 2</span></b></span><b style="text-indent: -36.48px;"><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"> Ante-rooms,2</span></b><b style="text-indent: -0.38in;"><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"> Toilet/Baths, 2</span></b><b style="text-indent: -36.48px;"><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"> Visitor's Toilets,2</span></b><b style="text-indent: -0.38in;"><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"> Terraces, 2 kitchens (Per unit)</span></b><br />
<b style="text-indent: -0.38in;"><span style="color: #351c75; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Max Building Area: 250sqM</span></b><br />
<b style="text-indent: -0.38in;"><span style="color: #351c75; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Max Height: 4m (Detached Bungalow)</span></b><br />
<b style="text-indent: -0.38in;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Soil Condition: Dry Land, Suitable subsoil within 5-metres depth</span></b><br />
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<b style="text-indent: -36.48px;"><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Rough Estimate of 2-Bedroom Apartment (Semi-Detached Twin Bungalow)</span></b><br />
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<span style="font-size: small; text-indent: -0.38in;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Spaces: 2 Bedrooms, 2 Living rooms, 2</span></b></span><b style="text-indent: -36.48px;"><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"> Ante-rooms,2</span></b><b style="text-indent: -0.38in;"><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"> Toilet/Baths, 2</span></b><b style="text-indent: -36.48px;"><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"> Visitor's Toilets,2</span></b><b style="text-indent: -0.38in;"><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"> Terraces, 2 kitchens (Per unit)</span></b></div>
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<b style="text-indent: -0.38in;"><span style="color: #351c75; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Max Building Area: 250sqM</span></b></div>
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<b style="text-indent: -0.38in;"><span style="color: #351c75; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Max Height: 4m (Bungalow)</span></b><br />
<b style="text-indent: -0.38in;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Soil Condition: Water-Logged Land, Suitable subsoil within 5-metres depth</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: small; text-indent: -0.38in;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Rough Estimate of 3-bedroom Apartment (Detached Bungalow)</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small; text-indent: -0.38in;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Spaces: 3 Bedrooms, 1 Living room, 1 Ante-room, 3 Toilet/Bath, 1 Visitor's Toilet, 1 Terrace, 1 kitchen</span></b></span></div>
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<b style="text-indent: -0.38in;"><span style="color: #351c75; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Max Building Area: 150sqM</span></b></div>
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<b style="text-indent: -0.38in;"><span style="color: #351c75; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Max Height: 4m</span></b><br />
<b style="text-indent: -0.38in;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Soil Condition: Dry Land, Suitable subsoil within 5-metres depth</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: small; text-indent: -0.38in;"><b style="text-indent: -0.38in;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b style="text-indent: -0.38in;"><span style="color: #351c75; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b style="text-indent: -36.48px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; font-size: small; text-indent: -0.38in;">>>>>>>>Don't keep this information to yourself. Always mention to your friends that these prices, costs or values are </span><span style="text-indent: -0.38in;"><span style="color: #0b5394;">Osaz'Index</span> </span><span style="color: black; font-size: small; text-indent: -0.38in;">or that you got this tip </span><span style="color: black; font-size: small; text-indent: -0.38in;">exclusively from </span><span style="color: black; font-size: small; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="color: #0b5394; text-indent: -0.38in;">EngineerOsaz's blog</span><span style="color: black; font-size: small; text-indent: -0.38in;">. Thank you and Success on your project!<<<<<<<<</span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small; text-indent: -0.38in;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></b></span>
<span style="font-size: small; text-indent: -0.38in;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Rough Estimate of 3-bedroom Apartment </span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small; text-indent: -0.38in;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Spaces: 3 Bedrooms, 1 Living room, 1 Ante-room, 3 Toilet/Bath, 1 Visitor's Toilet, 1 Terrace, 1 kitchen</span></b></span></div>
<div style="text-indent: 0px;">
<b style="text-indent: -0.38in;"><span style="color: #351c75; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Max Building Area: 150sqM</span></b></div>
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<b style="text-indent: -0.38in;"><span style="color: #351c75; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Max Height: 4m (Bungalow)</span></b><br />
<b style="text-indent: -0.38in;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Soil Condition: Water-Logged Land, Suitable subsoil within 5-metres depth</span></b></div>
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Engr. Osaz'http://www.blogger.com/profile/10244770501812834709noreply@blogger.com8tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6614398147465148927.post-57050417711150183032017-07-29T02:12:00.003-07:002023-07-16T06:08:22.266-07:00Using Bamboo in place of 'Iron Rods' in Concrete - Osaz’ ENOBAKHARE <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 9pt 0in 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-align: justify;">
<span face="Verdana, sans-serif" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222;">There are now sufficient reasons to appreciate suitable alternatives in
today’s construction. Whether it’s due to cost considerations or environmental
factors, exploring alternatives is highly welcomed. Being the world’s most
commonly used building material, nearly all our buildings have a signature of concrete
on them. Unfortunately, the cost of a cubic-metre of concrete produced in
Nigeria has nearly doubled in recent times. The price of iron rods (or steel
rebars) is also largely unstable; swinging here and there like a triggered
pendulum. </span></div>
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<span face="Verdana, sans-serif" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 9pt 0in 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-align: justify;">
<span face="Verdana, sans-serif" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222;">There seem to be absence of any serious price regulation mechanism
and the manufacturers also have their own side to the story – exchange rate
issues, increased cost of raw materials, taxation and all sorts. It is not
clear whether the building industry has any special provision for the average
person or the common man. Interests charged on financial loans are not
encouraging. You can go on and on; but complaining is obviously not the
solution. They say if life gives you lemons, make lemonades out of it. Here we
are; we need to reinforce concrete to maximize its potential and we have got an
option –bamboo.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-9wY0pt4vBIo/WXxNR44U1zI/AAAAAAAABoU/FZNLrSvLlVoBEQMGnbRmzr6hR2rOrjkJQCLcBGAs/s1600/bamboo.rebars.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="294" data-original-width="707" height="266" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-9wY0pt4vBIo/WXxNR44U1zI/AAAAAAAABoU/FZNLrSvLlVoBEQMGnbRmzr6hR2rOrjkJQCLcBGAs/s640/bamboo.rebars.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span face="Verdana, sans-serif" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222;"><o:p><br /></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 9pt 0in 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-align: justify;">
<span face="Verdana, sans-serif" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222;">Tested, tried and trusted, bamboo has appreciable tensile and
compressive strengths making it suitable for use as reinforcement in concrete. With
ultimate tensile strength reaching 124N/sqMM, it only takes a combination of
bamboo strands to equal the 250N/sqMM ultimate tensile strength of mild steel
and 460N/sqMM tensile strength of high-yield
steel rebars in common use today. More so, provision for bamboo reinforcement
in concrete is structurally designed in the same way as steel rebars; the mix
ratios and construction processes for bamboo in concrete are not different from
the norm, making it not necessarily a change in technology but a change in the
material used. It’s that simple! </span></div>
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<span face="Verdana, sans-serif" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222;"><br /></span></div>
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<span face="Verdana, sans-serif" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222;">There
are around 15,000 species of bamboos around the world; the suitable variants
are abundant and wasting away in our mangrove forests and elsewhere while we
simply look away. There is need to put on a thinking cap and intensify research
on the use of the naturally-occurring bamboo which is bio-degradable and
eco-friendly than the carbonized steel rods. However just like every other
construction material, bamboo has its own limitations; perhaps that is why it has
not been approved for use in fully load-bearing members. Does this mean it
can’t be used for concrete at all? No!</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 9pt 0in 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-align: justify;">
<span face="Verdana, sans-serif" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222;">Bamboos, like several
other plants when placed in water tend to absorb it and swell. As it expands in
the concrete, it makes the concrete to crack. Water is needed to work concrete and
there lies an issue. Researchers have provided solution to curing bamboo to be
used in concrete so that it does not absorb water as much as it would normally
do. This treatment can be done right on the
site or through other industrial processes before taking the bamboo strands to
site. You have to be sure to select healthy brown ones with sizable culms to
reduce the cost of treatment. Another worrisome issue was the bonding
potential. Naturally bamboo has a smooth surface so it may not bond properly
with cement, sand and granite or other aggregates in the mix therefore the strands
are often chopped in various sections along its length before they are used in
concrete. </span></div>
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<span face="Verdana, sans-serif" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 9pt 0in 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-align: justify;">
<span face="Verdana, sans-serif" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222;">Beyond these two prevailing limitations, what bothers users is the
durability of the material in concrete; that’s why it’s not yet broadly applicable
for use in fully load-bearing members. As it stands now, the improved variety
can be comfortably used for concrete piers, coping and panel of fence walls, lintel
beams, ground floor slabs (or ‘German’ floors) in areas with low water table,
construction of concrete kerbs, dividers, entrance pavements, wholly in
concrete in temporary structures, roof parapets, ground decks, in the
construction of low traffic concrete roads and as composite placed side by side
with iron rods. Using bamboo as reinforcement slashes the cumulative cost of
producing reinforced concrete by almost half. There are no known producers of
the improved variety of this material in the country and this also poses an
investment opportunity to investors interested in alternative building
materials and technology. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
Engr. Osaz'http://www.blogger.com/profile/10244770501812834709noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6614398147465148927.post-14929898785778863962017-07-12T14:02:00.002-07:002023-07-16T06:07:01.681-07:00Bad Rendering or Plastering of Your Walls: Here is what to do - Osaz' Enobakhare <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "ebrima"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">‘Perfection’ is the word. ‘Smoothness’
is the feeling. ‘Mortar’ is the item. The wall is the receiver and we are the
admirers. Everybody wants a perfectly smooth wall for their interiors but we
sometimes get more than what we bargained for. Rough, uneven and not properly
detailed wall plastering or rendering are some end results that stares us in
the face because we somehow engaged the wrong hands. But that’s not the end of
the road. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "ebrima"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rendering (or plastering) action on
wall usually precede painting. It is the process of applying mortar made from a
mix of cement, fine aggregates (or smooth sand) or Plaster of Paris and water to
cover the surfaces of block, brick or concrete walls. This process if not
properly handled can lead to a bad output. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-align: justify;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.engineerosaz.blogspot.com/" target="_blank"><img border="0" data-original-height="476" data-original-width="451" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-cslIb3fHEX4/WWh2rJUOIGI/AAAAAAAABm8/z-55M2k0M-0xSOtZEXrjeHzuLKaCqlIigCLcBGAs/s320/chipping-off%2Boperation%2Bon%2Bwall.PNG" width="303" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "ebrima"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">For instance there is often the
problem of unevenness in the texture of the finish, flaking-off, breaking edges,
cracking, etc. which hitherto affect overall aesthetics and durability. But not
all cracks on walls are as a result of poor mortar or rendering work; sometimes
it is a consequence of structural defects in the building. Sometimes when this
happens, there is a temptation to simply cover it with paints or other
finishing material; but that really doesn’t work. The effect of a bad plastering
will still resurface with time. </span><span style="font-family: "ebrima"; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">Talking about getting the job done
properly; it is important that the mason team understands the mix ratio for
mortar in order to get the right output. They must also know how to use the
trowel (or application device) and smoothing devices well. A cement-sand mix
ratio of 1:6 -12mm thick is generally acceptable for walls; corresponding to
about 3 wheelbarrows of smooth sand to 1 bag of cement. 12mm specified here
represents the thickness of the layer on the wall after application.</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "ebrima"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The nature of sand is also important.
The suitable grade of smooth sand for wall rendering is one that contains a
good proportion of clay which gives it a tacky or gummy feel. This does not
imply the use of pure laterite. The use of sharp sand for rendering should be
avoided because overtime pores are generated within the layer that affects the
surface texture of the wall. The moisture content in your mortar should be
adequate; just enough to make the mix workable. There are special cements used
to achieve quality rendering; they were produced with the required functional
requirements of good mortar/plaster in mind. It is good to make use of them rather
than the general purpose cement so as to obtain great results. It is wrong to
use mortar made for setting blocks or bricks to also render your walls because the composition are naturally different. Naturally
if you make a bad mortar, you can only expect a bad rendering.</span><br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "ebrima"; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "ebrima"; font-size: 12pt;">Once there is a noticeable defect on a rendered
wall, even if it has been painted; it is better to simply chip-off, prepare the
surface and reapply properly so that it cures without cracks. Although it may
cost more to chip-off old rendered layers before re-applying mortar or P.O.P,
the durability potential often override the cost burden, hence making it a
cost-effective approach to the alternatives. The use of filling materials to close-up
voids in walls to create even texture without chipping off in walls is a
welcome development but it is not often the best option; especially if the
defect is on a large scale. If you must use filling materials some Experts
advice that you drill tiny holes into sections of the wall (using a simple
drilling device) to allow for a good grip to the wall; the hole is such as
extends beyond the plastering layer well into the wall fabric. Special gums are
sometimes used to fill the hole to enhance firmer grip; thereby improving
stability in the face of shocks.</span></div>
Engr. Osaz'http://www.blogger.com/profile/10244770501812834709noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6614398147465148927.post-34301830024164632102017-07-08T01:40:00.001-07:002023-07-16T06:03:53.638-07:00Flooding: Turning Your Perimeter Fence into a Retaining Wall -Osaz' Enobakhare<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 27pt 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-align: right;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Ebrima; font-size: 12pt;">Security and privacy are common
reasons for constructing perimeter fences around a building. Some fences are
simply symbolic while others are basically for defense. They also help to
prevent land encroachment from neighbors which is not uncommon in this clime. However,
fences can be designed to perform yet another critical function of flood
control especially for buildings constructed in areas prone to flash floods, run-off
waters from faulty drains, erosion, etc. This is the core functions of embankments
and retaining walls including the ability to stay earth. Retaining walls hold
back or fend off flood waters from entering into your compound. There are a
number of designs and technologies suited for this purpose and they can be
incorporated into your fence wall and not necessarily constructed separately;
saving cost and space in the end.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Ebrima; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Generally, aesthetics is valued from
outside in, not necessarily inside out. Therefore the perimeter fence and gate
of our houses becomes a very vital point for aesthetic reference for the buildings
as a whole, being mostly the first point of contact. </span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.engineerosaz.blogspot.com/" target="_blank"><img border="0" data-original-height="282" data-original-width="690" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-J5wArA_x-MU/WWCStGiLccI/AAAAAAAABmY/0UDHvdQ2lNcpz_m7-m5h975jrrEi1LJ5wCLcBGAs/s1600/retaining%2Bwall.PNG" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Ebrima; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Ebrima; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Ebrima; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">This places a burden on
the designer (or architect) to allow for aesthetic considerations for perimeter
fences intended to serve as retaining walls or embankments; understanding that
these fence types will be under intense water pressure when the weather goes
wild compared to ordinary fences. Only suitable color, texture and styles
should be used for the finishes of such fence walls. Stone-based finishes are
often recommended while some others prefer to use special moisture-resistant
paints and coverings. There is also the structural engineering consideration which
factors in the strength, stability and durability components. If the fence is beautiful
but cannot stand strong against flood pressure adequately, then it may be
considered good for nothing. The method of building them is slightly different
from the normal ones. One striking difference is that the base for retaining
walls are normally higher than those of other fence types usually extending
beyond the level of projected flood heights before block walls are introduced.
Some are even designed to be trapezoidal rather than rectangular in section.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 27.0pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 27pt 0in 0.5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Ebrima; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Perimeter fences are normally designed
either as non-load-bearing or partially-load-bearing walls but those intended
for retaining walls are essentially load-bearing walls. They do not support
their weights alone or small loads from security furniture but also sizable
pressure forces from external flood. There are various types of materials that
can be used for building special fences of this nature; the most common type is
concrete. Other types include a composite of reinforced stabilized earth with
bricks or blocks as well as other poly-based substitutes for concrete.
Whichever material is used, there is need for it to possess sufficient strength
to withstand the pressure forces of water as well as be stable enough not to
deflect, crack, fail or over-settle in the process. It should also be able to
perform this function throughout the life span of the building or space it was
designed to serve. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Ebrima; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In areas susceptible to flood, the
sub-surface soil conditions are often poor because of the long overbearing
effect of stayed water on them, so there is always a need to take cognizance of
the nature of the soil during the design of the fence. Well-built solid raft
base or a combination of short-bored piles and reinforced concrete strip are
good options for the foundation of such walls. Reinforced stabilized earth has
also been successfully used for this purpose and is said to be a cheaper option
to both polymer-based fences and concrete. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Ebrima; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-cEjwkKf6110/WWCVUHzsMdI/AAAAAAAABmk/0Jy9KJNbIWwdn67htKoAzVGcb-sf16l8gCEwYBhgL/s1600/retaining%2Bwalls.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="240" data-original-width="716" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-cEjwkKf6110/WWCVUHzsMdI/AAAAAAAABmk/0Jy9KJNbIWwdn67htKoAzVGcb-sf16l8gCEwYBhgL/s1600/retaining%2Bwalls.png" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Ebrima; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Flood control is serious business
especially in rainy seasons. There is no better way to imagine the devastating
effect of flood than to watch a house go partially or completely under water;
destroying the building fabric and other valuable properties in the process. Although
fencing alone cannot completely take care of flood on a large scale however it
is known fact that the retaining wall fence type surely minimizes the effect by
helping to redirect water from a property. </span><span style="background-color: transparent;"> </span></div>
Engr. Osaz'http://www.blogger.com/profile/10244770501812834709noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6614398147465148927.post-81764913059251858982017-04-15T14:57:00.001-07:002023-07-16T06:02:01.879-07:00The Red Road: How to construct Estate Roads with Lateritic pavers - Osaz’ ENOBAKHARE<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in -0.25in 0in 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><img border="0" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-laoRkd7eOr4/WPKWh8rYVRI/AAAAAAAABjE/ktxcj1M5qU4iV5IxDCaS0uV6n1mWF510gCLcB/s1600/lateritic%2Broads.jpg" style="text-align: center;" /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in -0.25in 0in 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; line-height: 150%;">In-tune Developers and
Estate Owners with an eye for budget-friendly yet aesthetically-appealing,
stable, strong and durable estate infrastructure are already exploring the
option of adopting the ‘red road’ technology. With the abundance of cheap and
good quality laterite deposits in various parts of the country on the one hand
and the prevalent rising cost of construction materials on the other, the use
of lateritic pavers for estate road construction in place of concrete
interlocks and asphaltic (tarred) roads may just be the real deal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in -0.25in 0in 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in -0.25in 0in 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in -0.25in 0in 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; line-height: 150%;">In structural/highway
engineering terms, the Red Road is designed as a light and medium-traffic road with
individual unit of paver having the same compressive strength as that of Grade M40
concrete (i.e. 40N/sqMM) as obtainable in concrete pavers for the construction
of similar road types. </span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 12.5pt;">Light and medium traffic roads includes car parks,
office driveways, housing estate roads, rural roads, farm houses,
office/commercial complexes, boulevards, city streets, small market roads,
intersections/rotaries, utility cuts on arteries, service stations, etc. If
properly constructed, the red road sufficiently satisfies nearly all known functional
requirements for roads with durability potential believed to span beyond 50
years during which only little maintenance is needed. </span></div>
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<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in -0.25in 0in 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in -0.25in 0in 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Because one of the main
constituent material, Laterite which usually amounts for more than 50% by
volume of the mix in the red pavers normally contains up to 70% clay -which is
known to be ‘plastic’ in nature, the thin gaps or voids between interlocking
pavers allows for expansion and contraction across various seasons and at
different temperatures; although a suitable infill material which does not
affect this natural process can also be used to seal the void. Some engineers
also lay damp proof membrane (dpm) beneath the bed in areas with high water
table. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in -0.25in 0in 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in -0.25in 0in 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; line-height: 150%;">As applicable with
concrete pavers, pavers for red roads are built on good bedding usually made of
highly-draining sand spread uniformly to form a longitudinal bearing throughout
the surface area of the road up to a thickness of 100mm or more depending on
the subsoil conditions. Stoppers are installed at the edges of the road with
protected linkages to the adjourning drainage to prevent the bedding sand from
washing off. In areas where highly compressive soils like clay and peat are
encountered at near surface levels, the poor soil is first excavated and a more
stable earth fill is used to replace it before the bedding is made. The bedding
in any case must be properly leveled and compacted before the lateritic pavers
are laid to avoid depressions, bulges and over-settlements at various sections
as they receive varying degree of stresses from live loads. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in -0.25in 0in 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in -0.25in 0in 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-size: 12.5pt; line-height: 115%;">Red roads are built from lateritic pavers made of a
stable mix of laterite, crushed stone/stone dust and cement. The proportion of
each constituent material known as the mix ratio largely depends on the
expected bearing capacity of the road. For instance, the percentage by weight
of stone dust in the mix is often higher for pavers to be used in main arterial
roads (i.e. the road(s) leading from the main estate entrance gate to the
streets) than the pavers used on the streets (or branch roads) because the load
bearing requirements are relatively different.</span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<img border="0" height="267" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-WQnUmC11Vvs/WPKWxEvFQNI/AAAAAAAABjI/MgE9MpsOTGsYIHdJA8OYMnahkYqG-gtagCLcB/s400/lateritic%2Broad%2Bmachine.jpg2.jpg" width="400" /></div>
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<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in -0.25in 0in 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12.5pt; line-height: 115%;">Recently (March 2017), a
kilometer of dual carriage red-road to be constructed by an indigenous firm in
Garki, Abuja has already been estimated to cost some 37% less compared to the
use of conventional methods. Interestingly also, for lovers of road ‘black’,
the red road can also be sprayed black with hot black soot material at an extra
fractional cost and still maintain its functionality. As it stands now, Red-roads
may soon become a part of our road life.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></span></div>
Engr. Osaz'http://www.blogger.com/profile/10244770501812834709noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6614398147465148927.post-76741920792353075322017-04-15T14:47:00.004-07:002023-07-16T06:00:04.540-07:00Why You Need A Material Schedule For Your Project - Osaz' Enobakhare<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in -0.25in 0in 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://www.costifyapp.com" rel="nofollow" style="text-align: center;" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="323" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-JfJDPTPNQzQ/WPKUeVZP4mI/AAAAAAAABiw/dBg1bWgsDaEdSLu3_fmw8z56ChVU65KqgCLcB/s640/Capture.material%2Bschedule.PNG" width="640" /></a>Sometimes the use of
direct labour in conjunction with supervisory and quality control inputs from
one or two professionals is seen as a more budget-friendly approach to the
delivery of a project, especially small-scale projects. Other times, the
project owner may choose to be engaged directly in purchasing and organizing
the supply of construction materials to their site, also in a bid to save cost.
Whatever the case may be, whether it’s your personal project or as a group, it
is important to know what and what you should expect at completion. You don’t plant
grapes and expect to reap blueberries. A project for example, a building
development is essentially a product of the use of materials and workmanship.
You don’t order for tiles and expect to see epoxy flooring; neither would you
see a classic brick wall when you actually paid for blocks.<br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in -0.25in 0in 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in -0.25in 0in 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The usefulness of a
material schedule is undoubted. You may never know it until you lose money
buying the wrong or a substandard material at the same price as the original or
even more. It is that piece of document that shows you the types, sizes, quantities,
quality specifications and sometimes current price of all the materials you
would need for a project from start to finish. It is not the same as a Bill of
Quantities (B.O.Q) or Priced Bill of Quantities which gives brief details of all
the items of work in a construction project and cost included respectively, it doesn’t
give you the work item or work processes, it only deals with the materials
aspect. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in -0.25in 0in 0in; text-align: justify;">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in -0.25in 0in 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The Material Schedule is
presented in such a way that the user can easily identify with what materials
will be used in the construction of his/her project and it often reveals
approximate quantity estimates of all the materials needed with minimal
allowance for wastage. Usually the material schedule is a construction document
prepared after all the relevant designs/drawings has been completed so that at no
point is any material is omitted due to incomplete architectural and
engineering details and a thorough market survey has been done to check
availability and current prices of the required materials. It is often done in
conjunction with the owner’s specifications. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in -0.25in 0in 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in -0.25in 0in 0in; text-align: justify;">
<!--[endif]--><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; line-height: 150%;">When engaging a
contractor, it is important to ask for a material schedule so that you can
follow up on the quality of materials used for your work. If the materials used
are not those you have agreed on as duly reflected on the material schedule in
the absence of a pro-work variation, you can call for a replacement. But if
there are no documents to show material specifications, then you can expect
anything. Sometimes regret may follow; this is particularly the case when a nominated
supplier is engaged without a material schedule to back up your claims on the
specs of the materials ordered for. Take for instance, you need a simple timber
(wood) to construct your roof carcass, if you don’t specify the product type, size
and condition (e.g. Mahogany Hardwood, 50 x 75mm full lengths, new and smooth) but
just say supply me ‘wood for roofing’ who is to blame when a truckload of used
fragile softwood is brought to your site and workers begin installing them? Although the material schedule comes at a
cost, it is worth it.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
Engr. Osaz'http://www.blogger.com/profile/10244770501812834709noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6614398147465148927.post-35543317528674996692017-03-11T11:31:00.002-08:002023-07-16T05:56:50.884-07:00Why It Is Structurally Wrong To Build Directly On Plain Ground - Osaz’ ENOBAKHARE <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in -0.25in 0in 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><img border="0" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-a5iTAAPf0N8/WMRPgQRHKLI/AAAAAAAABgg/ySUPnnlj4Rgywd6LH385nR5JMwD0bjjHwCLcB/s16000/1.png" style="text-align: center;" /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in -0.25in 0in 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">As construction cost
rises due to attendant rise in prices of building materials, the trend of
building houses directly on plain ground has been observed to be on the increase
especially by unscrupulous developers and contractors. Having carried out an
independent monitoring of construction activities in some areas in the Ajah
axis of Lagos lately, it became obvious that in order to save cost people have
resorted to constructing buildings directly on plain grounds. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The awkward idea been adopted
in most of the cases under study is to sand-fill the land, level and compact it
with the use of machines and the construct a reinforced concrete strip
foundation directly over it without recourse to minimum
construction/engineering standards.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">They do so very quickly so that before any
of the regulatory bodies saddled with the responsibility of building control
gets wind of their ill act, </span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">they are already on super-structure level at which
point it is burdensome to ascertain how the foundation was actually built. </span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div>
<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">On a
particular site, using this vague method the entire foundation including the
ground floor slab was put up in one week and by the next week, they were
already building up the walls and frame. Dishonest developers thrive in such
indecent acts and sell or lease these buildings to unsuspecting prospective
buyers who in-turn occupy them or cause others to do so by way of lease/rent
too. There is no consideration for lives and properties put at risk of an
imminent collapse even as some of the buildings observed are already exhibiting
symptoms of instability and sick building syndrome pre-occupancy.</span></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Five years
post-occupancy, the building over-settles (or sink) and then tilt in a
particular direction. When asked, some of these developers claim that before
there will be any major issue with the building they would have recouped the
returns on their investment and its left to the new owner to do a repair by way
of underpinning as the need arises. To know that some greedy professionals have
joined the bandwagon of quacks in delivering such poor structures is
condemnable. This act should not be encouraged in any form.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in -0.25in 0in 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Here are some structural
considerations; normally after leveling and compacting operation has been
carried out on a sand-filled land it still remains a made-up ground. Although the
land becomes stiff at sub-surface levels, this doesn’t in anyway erase the fact
that the underlying bad soil (or peat) remains intact and retains its poor
attributes. Peats are highly compressible soils and will naturally compress
upon the impact of load. As this happen, the building will settle
indifferentially, especially during seasonal changes and mass movement of the
earth; which occurs at various times of the year. Such structural anomaly often leads to poor
stability of the building and eventually a collapse if unable to bear the load,
especially for single or multi-storied structures.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";
mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>Engr. Osaz’
ENOBAKHARE is an award-winning Contractor, Structural Engineer and the CEO
of Heavens Contractors Ltd. He is involved in design and construction of buildings,
roads and infrastructure projects across Nigeria.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:-3.55pt;margin-bottom:
0in;margin-left:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;background:
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<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'><span style='font-size:2.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:
Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
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0in;margin-left:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:
normal;background:white;mso-background-themecolor:background1'>
<span
style='mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>Phone:
(+234)<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'> 0816739479 <o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:-3.55pt;margin-bottom:
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normal;background:white;mso-background-themecolor:background1'>
<span
style='mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>Email:<b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'> </b></span><a
href="mailto:engineerosaz@gmail.com"><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
style='mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;
color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'>engineerosaz@gmail.com</span></b></a><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:
Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-3.55pt;text-align:justify;
line-height:normal;background:white;mso-background-themecolor:background1'>
<span
style='mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>Blog:<b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'> </b></span><a
href="http://www.engineerosaz.blogspot.com"><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:
minor-latin;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'>www.engineerosaz.blogspot.com</span></b></a><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:
Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
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<o:p> </o:p></p>
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o:spid="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:159.75pt;height:171.75pt;
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</v:rect></v:group><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 245px; left: 0px; margin-left: -17px; margin-top: 225px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 711px; z-index: 251661312;"><br /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rising cost of building
materials should not be a yardstick to adopt poor construction methods in the
construction of buildings and estate infrastructure anywhere. The authorities
should not turn a blind eye to such activities that jeopardizes or threatens
the lives of people as well as the overall health of the built environment.
Project owners and developers should not connive with contractors or builders
to manipulate well established engineering prinicples. It is important to
select a good contractor for your projects. Yes, there is room for adopting
cost-saving methodologies like the use of dry construction methods, cold brick
construction, etc but bad construction methods is never the way to go. </span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
Engr. Osaz'http://www.blogger.com/profile/10244770501812834709noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6614398147465148927.post-23521909390049120672017-02-09T10:17:00.002-08:002023-07-16T05:52:49.259-07:00Dredging to Sand-fill an Estate: The Tricks and Gains -Osaz’ ENOBAKHARE<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in -0.25in 0in 0in; text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://www.dredgermarines.com" rel="nofollow" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-kZPBNVBIiJQ/WJtkMYXOSAI/AAAAAAAABa0/q-RUzIfKWQ42l3Z8eodpkl3OgdRAE4I2wCLcB/s16000/1.PNG" /></a><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in -0.25in 0in 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in -0.25in 0in 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in -0.25in 0in 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in -0.25in 0in 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in -0.25in 0in 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in -0.25in 0in 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in -0.25in 0in 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in -0.25in 0in 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in -0.25in 0in 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in -0.25in 0in 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in -0.25in 0in 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in -0.25in 0in 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in -0.25in 0in 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in -0.25in 0in 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in -0.25in 0in 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in -0.25in 0in 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in -0.25in 0in 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in -0.25in 0in 0in; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in -0.25in 0in 0in; text-align: justify;"><br /></div>Developing housing or industrial
estates close to large water bodies throw open the option of dredging to sand-fill
with the aim of reclamation or just to prepare the site for the construction of
buildings and infrastructure on it and/or to get sand for the actual
construction. In more extensive application, sands can be dredged to stockpile
and sell. Basically, for estate development the option of dredging is often
weighed alongside the possibility and cost-effectiveness of the alternative
approach of trucking sand from nearby sources. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in -0.25in 0in 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in -0.25in 0in 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Contrary to popular
opinions, industry estimates reveal that for mini-estates (of 5 acres or less)
located close to water bodies with shallow fill depth (not exceeding 1-metre) and
where manual dredging is prohibited, the option of trucking has proven to be
cheaper than mechanical/hydraulic dredging. </span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in -0.25in 0in 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Besides unlike dredging which
restricts the user to the particular quality of sand deposits available in that
water body at the material time, trucking also allows for the use of a variety
of filling materials. However beyond these rare scenarios, mechanical/hydraulic
dredging remains the best approach.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in -0.25in 0in 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<img border="0" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-U_vUOJhOoK4/WJtlCqC_exI/AAAAAAAABbA/TPvPlDVH7xMwmU2knE6FZPvfhWH477V2gCLcB/s16000/1.PNG" /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in -0.25in 0in 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Although manual dredging
is still the cheapest form of dredging, it is tedious, relatively slow and
highly risky hence no longer in vogue. Mechanical/Hydraulic dredging allows for
the digging up of mud, sand, gravel, pebbles, rocks and other deposit from the
bottom or sidelines of the water bodies by means of a mechanically or hydraulic-driven
equipment known as a dredge (or dredger). There are various types of dredgers
each defined by its mode of operation. However local industry folks can easily
relate with two popular types which are Cutter-Section and Plain/Jet Suction
Dredgers. The striking difference is
that the former cuts<span style="background: white;"> into the bed, agitates it
and sucks up the mixture before transferring it to the end point through a
pipeline while the Suction dredger simply sucks up the sand directly and
transfer. </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in -0.25in 0in 0in; text-align: justify;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<img border="0" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-agPlpMbfn3M/WJzZtBTJBUI/AAAAAAAABbk/PY94N5nCa6gpdl7ZJD1nW2yWsrZMLybhgCLcB/s16000/1.PNG" /></div>
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in -0.25in 0in 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Dredging activities
requires you to obtain a license/approval which is given by the appropriate
authorities after providing relevant documents. These conditions defer from
state to state across Nigeria but generally a sand search is often conducted at
first to determine the source, availability/quantity and quality of sand in the
water body or shoreline to be dredged. This sand search result is often the
first and major item developers look out for in a hydrological survey carried
out pre-dredging. There is really no need attempting to dredge what is not
available in required quantities? A Bathymetric survey is also carried out to
determine the depth and bed ‘topography’. Both surveys are often used
interchangeably to mean the same thing but they actually have their specifics.
An Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is then carried out to determine the
level of impact the proposed dredging activity will cause to the
environment. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The most suitable type of
dredger to be used for a project is largely determined by the cost of purchase
or leasing, the size of task to be performed, pumping requirements par
efficiency as well as the nature of the sand deposits present. From observation,
most small estate owners normally opt for suction dredgers of 8 – 14 inches
with sand capacity averaging 350 cubic-metres of sand per hour; relatively
cheaper to purchase or lease. Larger
cutter-section dredgers sizing up to 18 inches or more with sand capacity
reaching 1000 cubic-metres of sand per hour is in high demand among medium and
large estates’ owners. Experience shows that the rate of breakdown of jet
suction dredgers on sites is relatively higher than the cutter-section type
owing to their inability to withstand stresses associated with sucking up very
stiff clay and rocks. But in any case, with a good dredger pumping sand constantly
into your site, the heavy cost and risks associated with long-distance sand
trucking is completely erased. </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
Engr. Osaz'http://www.blogger.com/profile/10244770501812834709noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6614398147465148927.post-45317541578267174472017-02-08T09:09:00.004-08:002023-07-16T05:21:58.370-07:00Improving Construction Speed by Mass Block Production - Osaz’ ENOBAKHARE<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://www.heavenscontractors.com" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-15emfDwkKq4/WJtP9jeWD3I/AAAAAAAABZk/29HlKjKMyYsHLL4d1jxeRWr25JNv6EiMQCLcB/s1600/mass%2Bproduction%2Bblocks%2Bin%2BNigeria%2Bengineerosaz.blogspot.com.png" style="text-align: center;" /></a>In most completed building
projects, the items of work either classified as wall or associated with the
use of block/bricks normally constitutes at least 20 percent of the total
volume of work done. Now that’s substantial. Block/Brick wall often extends
from the substructure through to the superstructure and extensively, the
external works. In Nigeria, the most common types of walls built till date are made
from hollow sandcrete blocks which come in standard widths of 6 and 9-inches
(i.e. 150 and 225mm). Although in some parts of the country, there is appreciable
use for solid sandcrete blocks.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; line-height: 150%;">There is also a growing
market for baked Redbricks, Polyblocks, Lateritic Coldbricks, Nvarsform, Hydraform,
Ecobrava, etc. as well as hollow and solid concrete blocks made from crushed
stones. But put together, they still accounts for less than 50% of the total
existing wall forms in modern construction in the local industry. For medium
and large sites, it has been observed that the time taken to produce
blocks/bricks readily available for use is often mismanaged thereby
contributing largely to project overstay. </span></div>
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<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; line-height: 150%;">On the one hand, contractors have
overtime observed that relying on supply of blocks/bricks from a production
factory increases the overall project costs and do not always guarantee desired
quality and speed of delivery; therefore it becomes imperative or perhaps reasonable
to produce on site.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 12.5pt;">Visits to several estate
project sites across the country recently reveal that the old single-or
double-mould block machine is still in common use. When asked why they choose
to stick to the old ways of doing things, they often lament that they do not
have reliable information on how to get mass block/brick production machines
and may equally not know how to use them. Working with a unit of the popular
single-mold machine, workers are only able to produce some 300-500 blocks per
day (i.e. 8-hour construction time). Then the down-times which are pretty-more
frequent than the new variants. These low production capacities measured
against time spur contractors of sizeable sites to acquire some more units of
the same ‘old-clog’ machine just to beat time. But why have 3 units of the same
machines with 3 different operators each and their respective 4-man supports to
produce say 1000 blocks a day when with just a single gang you can produce 1000
or more blocks a day using a single unit of mass-production machine? Ironically,
its penny foolish, pound foolish.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in -0.25in 0in 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 12.5pt;">Furthermore, using variants
of multi-mould machine erases the cost associated with the use of block
palettes (i.e. the sitting table/plank for freshly-molded blocks) which as at
December 2016 goes for an average price of 400 Naira per piece. The new machine
class literarily lay blocks directly on the floor as it pulls along. In-tune
contractors and block makers are fast trading-off their old machines for the
new variants. Interestingly, most of these machines possess higher compression potentials
and come with automatic mould changing functions. Some users order for those
with trio-capacities; for produces blocks, lateritic bricks and concrete pavers
together. </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 12.5pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 12.5pt;">For mega projects, machines
with installed capacities of 3000 - 5,000 bricks/blocks per day are highly
recommended. It is believed that the market for these new machine variants
would increase rapidly in coming months.</span> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Engr. Osaz'http://www.blogger.com/profile/10244770501812834709noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6614398147465148927.post-43940538888711679712017-01-23T11:18:00.005-08:002023-07-16T05:19:37.544-07:00Limited Space to Park Cars? Car Park-Lifts Can Help - Osaz’ ENOBAKHARE<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in -0.25in 0in 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="http://www.pickify.shop" rel="nofollow" style="font-size: medium; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-17Fpg1401yo/WIZVib9V4yI/AAAAAAAABX8/BFm5N5kOIZ4__dqJ8jQ-ySgFwQNqOxWVgCLcB/s1600/1.PNG" /></a></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in -0.25in 0in 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Advancement
in technology has enabled parking of two or more cars on top of each other
within the same floor area without having to construct any new concrete slab.
This is relatively convenient for offices, malls, hotel or living apartments
with limited car parking spaces. Car Park-Lifts as they are fondly called back
here consist of an often open-ended mechanical lift that can lower a car to
park below earth while platform(s) within the system automatically slide and
lifts the other car(s) to be parked over it and by means of a remote control, extends
out again in a systematic manner to allow access to the drivers to move their
cars away at any time. This way, the
vehicles are safely kept in position and the attention of other drivers does
not necessarily have to be drawn to the park if a user of the system intends to
drive out. This slide and lift mechanism help maximize space and enhances
security of motor vehicles parked especially in public places where often <b>‘cars are parked at owner’s risk’</b>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">As
it stands now, there is only a little presence of semblance of car park lifts
in the country but it is believed that as cost of lands in metropolitan cities
continue to rise, developers and building owners who intend to maximize the
benefits of their land would embrace this technology. Besides because of the
thrill and ambience that lifting cars before driving-out brings, it is often
used as ‘stunts’ by wealthy individuals who are often keen on impressing
visitors -showcasing class and style even when space is not an issue.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Car
Park-Lifts are so designed to take care of the weight of a wide range of cars
intended to be accommodated by them without falling-off or failing at any point
throughout their life span and like the cars they were built to keep, they also
need periodic maintenance. Also, like many other lift systems, they run on
power. More recent models now come in self-powered, low energy configurations.
Special Park-Lifts are designed and built for heavy vehicles like tankers, dump
trucks, etc. There are very rare cases of vehicles getting trapped in the system
and most of such reported cases across the world have been caused by power
outages or poor maintenance of the system. </span></div>
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<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Car
Park-Lifts are factory-built and may or may not be installed over an excavated
portion of land. For those with underground features, the usual construction
process of setting out, excavation and surface preparation is done and with the
aid of a hoist and other related equipment, the already assembled lift system
is placed right inside the excavated area on the basement floor. The system is
thereafter connected to electric source to power on. Then it is test-run
for safe use. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">For
commercial buildings with high vehicular traffic, several units of this park
lifts are often installed side by side while an electronic card is issued to
users which helps them control the slide and lift functions of the unit housing
their individual vehicles for the time of using the park. These cards are then
retrieved from them at the exit point and given to other users in that manner.
The system is easy to use, quicker and relatively cheaper than constructing
traditional multi-level car parks and can be installed almost anywhere. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
Engr. Osaz'http://www.blogger.com/profile/10244770501812834709noreply@blogger.com0